Justification And Weaknesses Of Non-Interpretive Essays

Defense And Weaknesses Of Non-Interpretive Essays Defense And Weaknesses Of Non-Interpretive Defense and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model Brief: Justification and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model The question of Constitutional understanding despite everything still can't seem to be settled. Should just the unequivocal orders of our countries Founding Fathers be referenced in official courtrooms, or would it be able to be supported that an outside body ought to extrapolate from the particular content of the Constitution to characterize what's more, protect extra principal rights? Further, if this body, to be specific the Supreme Court, bases its choices of sacred importance not completely on careful translation, at that point paying little heed to reason, are they completely ill-conceived? The non-interpretive model permits the Court to decipher past the specific wording of the Constitution to characterize and ensure the estimations of a general public. The subject of how the non-interpretative model can be advocated must be replied. Regardless of much outstanding disarray between the two models, unmistakably history has picked the non-interpretative model without which a significant number of the characterizing focuses in our countries history would be unjustified. The overpowering quality of the non-interpretive model is that it has took into account numerous central choices that have served to ensure the normal privileges of the individuals from this general public. On the off chance that then again the interpretive model is to be acknowledged, a critical number of choices must be renounced. Quickly, most of the fair treatment provision is not, at this point defended. Reasonable crook and common techniques must be disassembled since they have no particular printed reference in the Constitution. The right to speak freely of discourse, religion, and property rights are all brought being referred to. Additionally influenced is the authenticity of establishment and administrative allotment groups of regulation. The equivalent assurance statement of the Constitution when perused truly diagrams the guard of a few types of racial separation. Be that as it may, it doesn't right away ensure the option to cast a ballot, qualification for office, or the option to serve on a jury. Moreover, the provision doesn't propose that equivalent office isolation isn't to be permitted. At last, the opportunity from coldblooded and uncommon disciplines as delineated in the eighth amendment loses its adaptability. Thusly, a by all appearances contention against the interpretive model is clear. Without the capacity to move past the explicit wording, the Court loses its position to secure what society values as fundamental human rights. A crucial inquiry applicable to this banter is whether esteems inside our general public are time-persevering or on the other hand evolving. At the point when the Supreme Court makes a disputable choice, does it utilize the content of the Constitution to legitimize standards of regular law, normal practices and plans? Or then again, is it going about as an mediator of gradually changing qualities and forcing its perspectives on society through its choices? The Constitution is anything but a stale report; it is a lot of alive and changing with the occasions. Pundits contend that the correction process was made to permit change and that the job of the Judiciary does exclude the ability to change expressed orders notwithstanding that of upholding them. In any case, much of the time, the correction process is lacking for explanation of issues of human rights. An extraordinary ideals of the non-interpretive model is that the Court has the ability to strike down illegal enactment that permits for the Court to save the privileges of the individuals. Non-understanding at that point requires the utilization of got codes, yet the dynamic procedure is a long way from mechanical. Pundits challenge that the Court ought not be able to decipher cultural qualities in a given timeframe. Be that as it may, as has been appeared, history has maintained this custom. Various inquiries currently emerge. Is it for all intents and purposes shrewd to place the obligation to characterize and secure human rights in the hands of Supreme Court Justices? The appropriate response lies in ones translation of history. While the facts confirm that the Court has made choices that mirror its own predispositions and interests, it tends to be appeared that the Court has additionally reliably acted to make sure about the privileges of residents and to restrict government and state powers. Following, is the definition and requirement of human rights a legal assignment? The mediation of the Supreme Court over issues of human rights as contradicted to this force dwelling in different parts of government must be replied. While there is no immediate proclamation with respect to legal survey in the Constitution, Marbury v. Madison is referenced here as the best of all cases supporting this legal force. In this manner emerges the penultimate inquiry of the authority of the Supreme Court. Sacred settling was considered certainly by the Founding Fathers. Just a portion of the standards of higher law were recorded in the first report; be that as it may, the qualification between those

Strategic Analysis of Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vital Analysis of Apple - Essay Example The organization is likewise the second biggest traded on an open market organization regarding market capitalization. Starting at 2012, the organization had 394 retail locations spread all through the world (Apple Store, 2012). The all out income of the organization for the money related year 2011-12 is $156.508 billion and the overall gain was $ 41.733 billion. The present worker quality of the organization is around 72,800 individuals and has nearness in numerous pieces of the world (Golson, 2012). A portion of the contenders of the organization are Samsung, Nokia, LG, and Motorola among the others (NASDAQ, 2012; Gallo, 2012). This report will break down the issues Apple is as of now confronting and furthermore how the organization is managing it. It will be isolated into 5 areas; the first and second segment will cover the outer and inward examination of the organization. The third and fourth segment will reveal insight into the difficulties looked by the organization and how they are managing it. At long last, the last segment will close the undertaking. Part I †External investigation The outer investigation of an organization is tied in with breaking down the outside business condition of an organization (Monczka, 2000). All together break down the equivalent, the report will utilize PEST investigation and Porter’s five powers examination. Bug Analysis Political elements: - The innovation organizations remain exceptionally subordinate upon the political situation of a nation. Additionally, it likewise needs to rely upon the standards and guidelines of the working nation. Be that as it may, the legislature of USA has consistently energized items which are creative and stylish. Also, the political situation of the nation is exceptionally steady which gives a chance to the organization to additionally build up its R&D foundation and think of inventive items. Conservative elements: - USA is considered as perhaps the most extravagant country of the world. The all out GDP of the nation is 15.09 trillion and the per capita salary is $ 49,800 (CIA, 2013). The figures obviously mirror that the nation is monetarily steady. In addition, the discretionary cashflow of the US populace is likewise high. Consequently, it gives an extraordinary chance to Apple to get accomplishment with its high range items. Henceforth the monetary state of USA is incredibly great for Apple. Social variables: - The all out populace of USA is 316,668,567 and the all out urban populace is 82%. Another positive viewpoint is that the pace of urbanization is 1.2 % (CIA, 2013). Henceforth, Apple with its top of the line items holds extraordinary odds of accomplishment in the US advertise. Furthermore, US populace is additionally considered as educated which again goes about as a positive factor for the organization. Mechanical variables: - The market for cell phones, PC and tablets are developing at a fast pace in USA which acts a great factor for Apple. Furthermore, data and correspondence foundation of USA is extremely solid which encourages innovative work capacity of Apple. Industry Analysis (Porter’s Five Forces) Force Intensity Description Buyer’s Power High Due to the nearness of an enormous number of built up players in the market, clients have the most stretched out scope of choices. This expands the dealing intensity of purchasers. Supplier’s Power Moderate The providers of Apple incorporate Intel, IBM, Motorola, Sony and Disney among others (Satariano, Burrows and

Why I Love Taylor Swift

Why I Love Taylor Swift Right before an exam at MIT, I usually spend ten minutes walking down Mass Ave, from Random Hall to wherever the exam will be held. A lot of times, it’s an exam I’m nervous about. In past years, the class average was probably something like a 50% (I’m looking at you 6.046). There’ll be a great time constraint on difficult problems, and an attendant pressure building in my head that goes something like this: You’ll have to be real creative real fast, or else you can watch your grade plummet. It’s mostly nerves. Just the brain talking too much, overthinking things, playing out worst-case scenarios. At some point, I learned to just not pay it any attention. In those ten minutes before I’m scribbling away, I put my headphones on and I play some Taylor Swift. My go-to stress-relief jam is usually Shake It Off, and after several hums of “I shake it off, shake it off, I, I, I…”, I’m bobbing my head and feeling better already. It’s largely the lyrics, but it’s also the vehicle of the lyricsTaylor Swift’s voice. For at the least the past eight years, Taylor Swift has been my favorite artist (a fact I impress on everybody, family, friends, random stranger standing next to me on the bus). I’m the biggest Swiftie in existence (around the world, pitchforks rise from indignant fans, but I maintain my assertion). I have every song she’s ever released, and dozens she never officially did. I’ve spent an insane number of hours on YouTube watching her music videos, interviews, song mashups. I’ve rocked out to her everywhere, on Rock Band at Alpha Delta Phi, in the shower, while grocery shopping, probably even in my sleep. For the longest time, she’s been one of my role models. The why is a bit tricky to explain. A lot of it is tangled in details too personal for the blogs, but some of it isn’t, and so I’ll give it a shot. ** I heard my first Taylor Swift song in high school (which in Nigeria runs from grades seven to twelve). It was a boarding high school a few hundred miles away from home, and was quite strict. In particular, most electronic devices were bannedcellphones, laptops, iPods. Which just meant those devices found their way into school anyway. You just had to be really sneaky. One of my friends snuck in his MP3 player. It had a soundtrack from a Miley Cyrus Disney movie which included the bonus song “Crazier” by Taylor Swift. I was drawn in by the the first line: I’ve never gone with the wind, just let it flow. It was a beautiful, laidback song and I was interested in listening to more. But it would be a few more months before my friend had more songs of hers, and in that interval, several things were happening to me. High school gets rough sometimes, especially when bounded by fences and a punishingly familiar routine. Add a sense of awkward self-consciousness and encroaching puberty, and I wasn’t always in the greatest mood. I was at a point of particular loneliness. The kind that learns to hide its face. I could wear a smile as heavy as dumbbells and carry on with the rest of my day with that poker face, but somewhere inside, I felt isolated from most of my classmates. I spent a lot of time indoors, often perched on the floor writing what would become Sagittarius, an 1800-page all-over-the-place sci-fi series, but when I was out of that world, I didn’t care much for the one my body inhabited. I had a small group of pretty close friends, and perhaps that should have been enough. For whatever reason, it wasn’t. Part of me was disconnected. On some days, it felt like the world around me was a mirage, illusory somehow. I was a participant, nothing more. These feelings were strange, angsty and pervasive, and in the months between Crazier and the rest of Swift’s material, they persisted. And when I finally heard more songs from her, they were justthe right songs. My friend got her first two albums, the eponymous Taylor Swift, released when she was 16, and Fearless, released when she was 18. From that first album, I heard The Outside and for a moment, I was certain that she had dug inside my head, explored my weird mushy state of being, and penned those words for me. Then I heard A Place In This World and Tied Together With a Smile. These albums also contained a lot of love songs on the spectrum of heartbroken to fulfilled, and I heard those songs at the particular point in time that my wistful yearning for some amorphously defined connection intersected with notions of romance for the first time. I was at a point where I could “get” the appeal of relationships, not just as an abstract thing I recognized when I looked at my parents or any set of couples, but as something I could want and be fulfilled by. I was at the point where, even in my state of mild disconnection, seeing certain people was enough to let my mind wander, run amok, paint rosy images of our shared fairytale, Nameless Soulmate and I. I think the simpler way to say it is this: at a critical time in my life, growing up, separated from my family and in a high school that could often be alienating, something about her songs provided companionship. I could relate to the descriptions of isolation in songs like The Outside and I could bury myself in an alternate reality, in which a cord bound my heart to someone else’s, in songs like Love Story and Fearless. There’s something about the way the street looks when it’s just rained; there’s a glow on the pavement, you walk me to the car; and you know I wanna ask you to dance right there, in the middle of the parking lot… Taylor Swift’s songs came to me for the first time at exactly the right time. A sort of alchemic fusion between her words, her voice, my own ill-defined needs occurred, turning admiration into something quite like idolization, and the more I got to know her (as well as one can hope to know a megastar celebrity anyway), the stronger the fusion grew. As a kid, she handed out copies of her demos to record labels in Nashville, only to get rejections. She learned how to play the guitar and kept trying. She has a hand in writing every single song she’s ever released. Speak Now, one of my favorite albums ever, possibly my favorite album of anyone ever, had every single song in it single handedly written by Taylor Swift. Swift who would be at a scheduled meet-and-greet with fans and stay for hours beyond the allotted time, just signing autographs and talking to them. Swift who would devote so much time, affection and care to her craft, to her fans, to herself. She became my role model, and still is to this day. Now, a common rhetoric that arises whenever Taylor Swift comes up is that she’s part of a money-making industry, and ruthlessly cultivates a potentially disingenuous image. That may very well be the biggest flaming pile of nonsense I’ve ever heard. When that much time, effort and affection has been exuded on her part, consistently, day after day, year after year, the image and the person behind the image are virtually indistinguishable. Who people are is often a consequence of what they do, and what she does is write great music, and put real smiles on the faces of millions of people worldwide. She isn’t perfect, but she shouldn’t be expected to be. What she is, is real. Real to me. Her lyrics have been a formative part of my life since I was 12 and blasting her songs. Often, I’d lock myself in a bathroom in high school, and just play her on repeat. Her voice became familiar and comforting, and so even in songs I couldn’t relate to as much, the vehicle for those songs that was her voice gave them all the power. And years later when I found myself in the United States, at MIT, she would accompany me. On Uber rides. At the T. Before difficult exams. Before sleep. Sometimes, something would happen. I’d make an awful, stupid mistake and be ridiculously hard on myself. And after a while, I’d come to Innocent, from the Speak Now album, and she would let me know, again and again, that: I guess you really did it this time Left yourself in your warpath Lost your balance on a tightrope Lost your mind trying to get it back Wasn’t it easier in your lunchbox days Always a bigger bed to crawl into Wasn’t it beautiful when you believed in everything. And shortly afterward: Time turns flames to embers You’ll have new Septembers. When my family was too far away, and sweet memories of them turned into sad reminiscing, I would listen to The Best Day or Never Grow Up. I can’t listen to Never Grow Up for long without tearing up: Take pictures in your mind of your childhood room, Memorize what it sounded like when your dad gets home, Remember the footsteps, remember the words said, And all your little brother’s favorite songs, I just realized everything I have is someday gonna be gone. Whether it’s lines like “Time is taking its sweet time erasing you” or “You call me up just to break me like a promise, so casually cruel in the name of being honest” from the Red Album or “Shake it off, Shake it OFF” from 1989, Swifts lyrics find their way into my head all the time. ** I’ve only seen Taylor Swift in person exactly once, and it was as part of the crowd at her 2015 concert in Santa Clara, which played the day after my Los Angeles Internship ended. I took a bus from L.A. to San Francisco, arriving there sometime in the morning. I checked into a cheap hotel room, got some quick breakfast, and made my way to Levi’s Stadium, a good several hours before she was slated to appear. There were so many Swifties around me, many of them with incredibly sophisticated concert signs. We would talk about everything Taylor Swift, scream alongside the speakers blasting her songs while we waited. After a bit of waiting, we were let into the sitting area, which I got to see slowly fill up. Vance Joy and Shawn Mendes were the opening acts that night, and as they sang, sunlight bled out of the sky. Night arrived. And with it, extreme excitement from knowing that she was about to spring up on us. When she did, popping onto that stage, screams filled the stadium, mine joining a thousand others. It must have been enough to rattle the clouds. And right there, in front of us, she sang and danced. I sang and danced along, waving my arms, screaming the words, recording. I was ecstatic. Im caught off guard when she sings Never Grow Up After the concert ended, the Swifties left the stadium. Finding an Uber took forever, but I eventually made it back to the hotel room, utterly worn out, my voice mostly gone. I passed out instantly, woke up the next day to a screaming alarm clock (I’d been so tired I slept through it and missed my flight to Boston; I was able to catch another one a few hours later though). It didn’t matter though. I’d  seen  Taylor Swift! It’s a night I’ll never forget. ** Theres a certain shamelessness, a certain intensity of affection, that I think we should never constrain for the things and the people we love, things and people, whether its Taylor Swift or Superman, that reach into the deepest parts of us and leave their marks there. We love them because they bring that love out of us, somehow, magically, effortlessly. And there you have it. Thats why I love Taylor Swift.

An Introduction to the French Language and Linguistics

A good place to begin if youre considering learning any language is to learn about where the language came from and how it functions within linguistics. If youre thinking about learning French before your next visit to Paris, this quick guide will get you started on discovering where French came from. The Language of Love French belongs to a group of languages identified as a Romance language, although thats not why its called the language of love. In linguistic terms, Romance and Romanic have nothing to do with love; they come from the word Roman and simply mean from Latin. Other terms sometimes used for these languages are Romanic, Latin, or Neo-Latin languages. These languages evolved from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries. Some other very common Romance languages include Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian. Other Romance languages include Catalan, Moldavian, Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian and Provenà §al. Because of their shared roots in Latin, these languages can have many words that are similar to each other.   Places French Is Spoken Romance languages originally evolved in Western Europe, but colonialism spread some of them all over the world. As a result,  French is spoken  in many regions other than just France. For example, French is spoken in the Maghreb, through Central and West Africa, and in Madagascar and Mauritius. Its the official language in 29 countries, but the majority of the francophone population is in Europe, followed by sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, the Middle East and the Americas, with about 1% being spoken in Asia and Oceania.   Even though French is a Romance language, which you now know means that it is based on Latin, French has a number of characteristics that set it apart from the other members of its linguistic family. The development of French  and basic  French linguistics  go back to Frenchs evolution from Gallo-Romance which was the spoken Latin in Gaul and even more specifically, in Northern Gaul.   Reasons to Learn to Speak French Aside from becoming fluent in the worlds recognized language of love, French has long been an international language for diplomacy, literature and commerce, and has played a significant role in the arts and sciences as well. French is a recommended language to know for business as well. Learning French can allow communication  for various business and leisure travel opportunities across the world.

The Need For Greater Understanding Of Theology - 855 Words

Grenz and Olson, passionate about the need for greater understanding of theology, have taken on a difficult task in attempting to address the concerns of those who might question the need for theology and lead them into conscientious practice of theology themselves. Who Needs Theology?, however brief and rudimentary the method, does make an effective argument for the need for everyone to engage in the study of theology and provides a basic framework from which to begin such study. It is clear from the opening pages of this book that it was written with the lay theologian in mind and therefore the book is written in a simple, clear and understandable manner. Grenz and Olson are careful to always define terms and never assume, beyond their presupposition that their audience are Christian followers, a minimum knowledge or experience prior to engaging their text. Consequently, Who Needs Theology? is very understandable and easily applicable to the average reader. However, what being is u nderstood and applied must be considered carefully in determining the usefulness of this text. The first half of Who Needs Theology? establishes the argument of the substance, importance and study of theology by all people, not just clergy and professional academics. Returning to Grenz and Olson s definition, â€Å"Christian theology is reflecting on and articulating the God-centered life and beliefs that Christians share as followers of Jesus Christ, and it is done in order that God may beShow MoreRelatedThe Lifelong Goal Of Saint Thomas Aquinas1692 Words   |  7 Pagesindependence of philosophy and theology, but at the same time show their symbiotic relationship with each other. Throughout his life Aquinas was known as a theologian but many of his works carry strong philosophical undertones as well. The beauty of theology is it can enlighten us through its leap of faith. Philosophy was required to precede theology. The truths laid down from philosophy are concrete and cohere nt. These philosophical truths are the shoes in which theology can walk. Without philosophyRead MoreThe Lecture Of Mission And Culture1035 Words   |  5 PagesA REFLECTION PAPER ON THE LECTURE OF MISSION AND CULTURE NOTES ON THE ROAD MORE TRAVELLED: DOING THEOLOGY IN A US CULTURAL CONTEXT Mission and culture have always been inseparable in doing theology in any cultural context. They have always been considered imperatives in the ministry of touching lives. The talk of Fr. John J. Markey, OP on October 12, 2015, at the Catholic Theological Union auditorium had highlighted essential insights and realizations regarding mission and culture in the culturalRead MorePsychology And Christianity Second Edition By David Entwistle1248 Words   |  5 Pagesedition by David Entwistle introduces the text by explaining how psychology can go in a direction, and Christian theology approach can lead in a different direction. 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However, the three most pressing issues for the Evangelical Christians and academia are a doctrine-less era, the prevalence of entrepreneurism, and open theology. Doctrine-less Era A saddening shift in evangelical Christians and students interests is putting less and less emphasis on traditional doctrinal commitmentsRead MoreRelationship between Theology and Spirituality1191 Words   |  5 Pagessure that he or she studies the subject of theology which is said to deal with the presence of God. In this life essay I will be trying to discuss the relationship of theology and spirituality and go a step ahead to talk about the significance of this relationship has to my own personal life and the ministry. I will be focusing on the meaning of the both terms that is theology and spirituality, their nature and how they relate to one another. HOW THEOLOGY AND SPIRITUALITY RELATE TO EACH OTHER Read MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity And Missions1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe doctrine of the Trinity and missions is articulated in Scripture. This section will demonstrate from Scripture that the Trinity and missions is essential to understanding God’s plan and purpose for global missions. The trinity is seen in the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit all involved in some aspect of sending. As stated above, God is a God of love and compassion and who is concerned to provide a way to reconcile sinners to Himself in order that He may be glorified by people from every tribe,Read MoreThe Theory Of Theology And Psychology1280 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity and psychology odds with each other. The idea is actually presented in a manner that makes it impossible for theology and psychology to exist with one another due to their general nature. According to this book, theology is basically based on faith while psychology is based on absolute truth. Entwistle (2010) poses a brilliant idea by suggesting that the interaction of theology and psychology is inevitable. These interactions are brought about by the common interest of the two in comprehendingRead MoreTheology of Christian Leadership Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesLIBERTY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Theology of Christian Leadership LEAD 520 – D01 LUO The Life of Leaders December 11, 2013 Table of Contents I. Introduction 3 II. What is Leadership 3 III. Christian Leadership 3 IV. Biblical Perspective 4 V. Servant Leadership 5 VI. Leadership Disciplines 6 VII. Conclusion 7 VIII. Bibliography 8 â€Æ' Introduction According to Bill Hull, â€Å"While certain pockets

Adventures in a Lifetime Free Essays

Definition Essay Adventures in a Lifetime â€Å"An exciting or very unusual experience. † This is how the English Dictionary defines the word adventure. Many people may define it in a different way, but not a single person is wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Adventures in a Lifetime or any similar topic only for you Order Now Adventure isn’t boring, nor is it exciting. It is but both at the same time, intertwining between the two. Adventure is exploring the unknown, and doing things a person isn’t normally comfortable with. But, it also doesn’t have to be hanging on a rope off the side of a mountain. It can be anything from facing new challenges in school, to living off the land for 3 months in the woods. It’s seizing new opportunities, testing our resources against the unknown, and in the process, discovering our own sole potential. It can be falling in love, getting your heart broken, and surviving the whole experience, even though it was so grim at the time. Living through an experience that makes a difference in your life, no matter how small, can be the biggest adventure of them all. One of the biggest adventures we all know about is Christopher Columbus who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492. He hoped to find a route to India in order to trade with others but ended up on this foreign land, America. His adventure was sailing to a new land, but making it a larger adventure without meaning to. Why do we say he went on an adventure? Not because he went out of his comfort zone, but because he went someplace he has never been before and had an experience where he learned many new things. It may not be as immense as Columbus did, but we have all adventured hundreds of times in our life, whether we know it or not. Even if it’s just something fresh to learn, or going someplace never explored, everybody has completed it. Going on an adventure means being bold, venturesome, brave, and daring. Does that mean someone has to go skydiving or scuba diving hundreds of feet into the ocean? Absolutely not. Adventure doesn’t even have to be a physical act; it can be a light inside the body that comes out a little more each day. Adventure is not having a routine every single day nor is it thinking about what you will do next. It’s living through every day and experiencing something new in the hours we are given. It can be from walking into the darkest cave known to man, to frolicking through the most colorful valley of flowers in the world. Every step in a person’s life is a new adventure he or she has conquered, and every new adventure is a new stepping stone ultimately reaching your final and optimal destination. Adventure is living life and experiencing it to its upmost capacity. It can be exploring oneself in ways nobody else can. Gandhi is a perfect example of looking inside oneself and making it into an adventure. He explored inside his soul to know what he thought was right and to find what he really wanted to do to make a difference in other’s lives. He took those feelings and made it into a lifelong adventure of freeing others from the British rule as well as to better the lives of India’s poorest classes. He went through countless adventures, ranging from great to minor. How to cite Adventures in a Lifetime, Papers

International Law Management

Question: Write an essay on Political Science? Answer: A treaty is a type of agreement under international law. Such an agreement is entered into by the actors in international law. The parties of an international agreement are either the sovereign states or the international organizations. It is a form of the agreement entered into by states that are legally binding on such states. A treaty may be bilateral when it is entered into between two parties and may also be between more than two parties and in such a case it is known as the multilateral treaty. In the United States, the treaty-making process may be put under the following heads; Negotiations are authorised by the Secretary of State Negotiations are undertaken by the United States representatives Signing of treaty is authorized by the Secretary of State Then the agreement comes into effect The agreement is transmitted to the Congress by the President The Secretary of State authorizes negotiations for the treaty, and the executive branch does negotiations. After the negotiations are concluded, the representatives of the parties concerned sign the agreement. After the parties have signed the agreement, the agreement is said to have been concluded. Once the agreement has been concluded, the President sends the same to the Senate accompanied by; Letter of transmittal Letter of Submittal issued by the Secretary of State Letter from Secretary of State outlining the background of the negotiations and a detailed explanation of the provisions of the agreement. In case it is approved, the same is sent to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for hearing and in case of approval Senate Executive Report is sent along with advisory recommendations and consent. This report includes the following; Explanatory material When the said report receives the approval of full Senate, i.e., two-third votes, the same is sent back to the President. When the report is sent back to the President, it is accompanied with the resolution of consent and advice. The same is then sent by the President to the Secretary of State. After receipt of the above the Secretary of State prepares the instrument of ratification. The instrument of ratification is then sent back to the President, who signs the same, and the treaty is proclaimed. After the proclamation, the treaty is deposited with the nominated depository. After the completion of the above steps, it may be said that a treaty has come into existence, and the United States is a party to the said treaty. The treaty may be said to have come into force. The United Nations primarily aims to prohibit the members from using force. The United Nations Charter under Article 2(4) has laid down that the member states must refrain from using force or threatening to use force against political sovereignty or territorial veracity of any state or owing to such purposes that are inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. The said provision restricts the use of armed forces. The Charter does not lay down the level or the amount of force that is forbidden, thus even the trivial violation of limitations is forbidden. Article 51 only allows the usage of force for the purpose of self-defence, in cases of armed attacks unless appropriate measures have been taken by the Council. Certain requirements have been set out in the case of Caroline, which must be met as regards an attack. The foremost requirement is that the threat of attack must be imminent. Thus, as per this rule, usage of force in self-defence is permitted only when such usage is necessary, and also the extent of force to be used for self-defence ought to be proportionate. Use of force is permitted only in connection with an armed attack whether ongoing or imminent. The intrinsic right to self-defence as recognised under Article 51 of the Charter forms an exclusion to the general rule laid down under Article2(4). The armed attack requires that the attacker must intend to attack. The case of Oil Platform may be cited in this regard. The ICJ laid down the necessity of this requirement while determining whether the actions of Iran were particularly intended towards the United States or whether Iran specifically intended to harm the vessels of the United States. This view of the ICJ is criticized as being against the rules of international law. An armed attack s actually an attack aimed by one State directed towards another. While rendering advisory opinion regarding eth legal consequences of constructing a wall in the occupied territory of Palestine the ICJ made observations to the effect that the right to self-defence arises only in cases of attack from an outside territory towards the defending state under Article 51 of the Charter. Again as per the provisions of Article 51, force is permitted to be used for self defence only in case such force is necessary to end an attack. Thus, force may only be used when all available peaceful means of ending the attack have been exhausted, or none of such measures is available. The requirement of necessity is intrinsic to the law of self-defence. A state is permitted to employ force in respect of self-defence only when the attack is imminent. The term imminent means, there is no choice of means or overwhelming. There must be a situation of irretrievable emergency. The right to self-defence must be exercised to the extent it is proportional to the threat of imminent danger. Thus, only such amount of force must be used as is necessary to end the threat. The General Assembly has also adopted various resolutions so as to foster the prevention of the use of force. These resolutions include the following; The Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes The Declaration on the Enhancement of the Effectiveness of the Principle of Refraining from Threat or Use of Force in International Relations The Declaration on the Prevention and Removal of Disputes and Situations which may Threaten International Peace and Security on the Role of the United Nations in this field The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (also referred to as the TPP) is an intended regional free trade agreement amongst certain countries of the Pacific Rim regarding various matters concerning economic policy. The participating countries are; United States, Chile, New Zealand, Brunei, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Peru, Vietnam, Japan, Mexico and Canada. The TPP is an extension of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (also referred to as the TPSEP). Till date 19 rounds of negotiations regarding the TPP has been held. The provisions of the agreement have been kept secret; however, few provisions have been leaked. The TPP negotiations were initiated by the United States. The TPP aims the following; Removal of tariffs on services and goods It covers a wide range of services and goods, like telecommunication services, financial services and also food safety services. Pros of the Trans-Pacific Agreement The TPP intends to boost economic growth as well as well as exports. This aspect would be beneficial for the participating countries as it would give rise to new jobs and prosperity. It is estimated that the agreement has the potential to add up to $223 billion per year to the income of the workers in the participating countries. The TPP provisions also intend to address the non-tariff barriers to international trade, like requirements for import licensing, etc. The TPP country would enable the service providers and suppliers of goods to supply services and products without establishing offices in all the participating countries. The TPP would ensure that the participating countries strictly follow labour laws and also discouragement of such products and services that are produced by forced labour. The TPP provisions intend to tackle the issues concerning illegal logging, illegal practices adopted regarding fishing, illegal logging, etc. The TPP seeks to implement rules that ensure fairness of procedure as regards enforcement of completion law. Cons of the Trans-Pacific Agreement As far as the pharmaceutical industry is concerned, the TPP would cause great harm. It is expected that the agreement would reduce the accessibility of the member countries to generic medicines. It would provide an advantage to the large pharmaceutical companies. The costs of life-saving drugs would increase manifold as a consequence of the said trade agreement. It is expected that the TPP might succeed financial regulations. The TPP rules provide that all issues arising between the participating countries would be dealt with by an international authority known as investor-state dispute settlement process. No higher court would have any jurisdiction to such issues. The TPP would make it impossible to enforce local and national regulations. It is also feared that the TPP would lead to income inequality. It is aimed to only serve the interests of the wealthy. References Choi Cheol-young, 'THE LEGISLATIVE PARTICIPATION IN TREATY-MAKING PROCESS: KOREA AND THE UNITED STATES' (2009) 21 sungkyunkwanlawreview Klabbers J, 'Admission To The United Nations: Charter Article 4 And The Rise Of Universal Organization' (2010) 7 International Organizations Law Review Kunz J, 'Individual And Collective Self-Defense In Article 51 Of The Charter Of The United Nations' (1947) 41 The American Journal of International Law Lim C, Elms D and Low P, The Trans-Pacific Partnership (Cambridge University Press 2012) Nelson R, 'Legislative Participation In The Treaty And Agreement Making Process' (1960) 13 Political Research Quarterly Peters K, 'International Law And The Use Of Force' (2004) 4 QUT Law Review Petri P, Plummer M and Zhai F, The Trans-Pacific Partnership And Asia-Pacific Integration (Peterson Institute for International Economics 2012) Sols M, 'The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Can The United States Lead The Way In Asia-Pacific Integration?' (2012) 27 Pacific Focus 'The Use Of Nonviolent Coercion: A Study In Legality Under Article 2(4) Of The Charter Of The United Nations' (1974) 122 University of Pennsylvania Law Review Trachtman J, 'Development Aspects Of A Trans-Pacific Partnership' SSRN Electronic Journal Wheeler E, 'The Treaty-Making Power Of The Government Of The United States In Its International Aspect' (1908) 17 The Yale Law Journal Choi Cheol-young, 'THE LEGISLATIVE PARTICIPATION IN TREATY-MAKING PROCESS: KOREA AND THE UNITED STATES' (2009) 21 sungkyunkwanlawreview. Everett P. Wheeler, 'The Treaty-Making Power Of The Government Of The United States In Its International Aspect' (1908) 17 The Yale Law Journal. R. H. Nelson, 'Legislative Participation In The Treaty And Agreement Making Process' (1960) 13 Political Research Quarterly. Jan Klabbers, 'Admission To The United Nations: Charter Article 4 And The Rise Of Universal Organization' (2010) 7 International Organizations Law Review. Josef L. Kunz, 'Individual And Collective Self-Defense In Article 51 Of The Charter Of The United Nations' (1947) 41 The American Journal of International Law. Everett P. Wheeler, 'The Treaty-Making Power Of The Government Of The United States In Its International Aspect' (1908) 17 The Yale Law Journal. Katie Peters, 'International Law And The Use Of Force' (2004) 4 QUT Law Review. Joel P. Trachtman, 'Development Aspects Of A Trans-Pacific Partnership' SSRN Electronic Journal. C. L Lim, Deborah Kay Elms and Patrick Low, The Trans-Pacific Partnership (Cambridge University Press 2012). Peter A Petri, Michael G Plummer and Fan Zhai, The Trans-Pacific Partnership And Asia-Pacific Integration (Peterson Institute for International Economics 2012). Mireya Sols, 'The Trans-Pacific Partnership: Can The United States Lead The Way In Asia-Pacific Integration?' (2012) 27 Pacific Focus.

King Lear Act 3 Scene 7 Essay Example

King Lear Act 3 Scene 7 Paper In act three scene seven of the Shakespeare play of King Lear Shakespeare creates a dramatic impact for the audience. Shakespeare creates this impact by using characterisation, language and different ideas. In this scene of the play is the plucking out of Gloucesters eyes. The plucking out of Gloucesters eyes creates a dramatic impact on this scene. In the Elizabethan times, when this play was written, this was a common thing that would have happened. The common punishment for a dukes crime, which Gloucester committed, was beheading. So instead of this looking like an evil action, to an Elizabethan audience this would be entertainment. In the past and present this scene has attracted many people to watch this play, with the features of good against evil which contains blood and violence. Many of the audiences watching this scene feel discomfort watching the plucking out of Gloucesters eyes. The language that is being used by Shakespeare enhances this discomfort. An example of this language is when Gloucester says In the hell black night, which shows evil in the language, this evil language used by Shakespeare enhances the discomfort of this scene, evil is also shown when Regan had no hesitation when telling Cornwall to pluck out Gloucesters eyes. The discomfort from this scene helps the audience understand how the characters are feeling when Gloucester is having his eyes plucked out. The play of King Lear is a story of tragedy, which means that the people who are in the audience will have come to see violence, pain, death and suffering. The first death in the play of King Lear is in this scene. The character who dies is the servant. The servant is killed because he challenges Regan who was of a higher class than the servant was. In Elizabethan times challenging someone of a higher class than you was considered a bad crime. However, challenging someone of a higher class than you is not considered as bad now because of freedom of speech. So an audience watching this play now would think that a person being killed for challenging someone as shocking, whereas an audience watching this in the Elizabethan times would watch the play and think that the killing was a common thing to happen. Shakespeare uses the theme of Gloucesters eyesight in this scene. This is used a lot in this scene to show what a fool he has been, and that he should have realised what had been happening to him behind his back. This shows how alike Gloucester and Lear are, because Lear also was a fool and could not see what Gonerill and Regan had been doing to him behind his back. Before the plucking out of Gloucesters eyes he could not see what Edmond had been doing to him. When Cornwall plucks out Gloucesters eyes, Gloucester can not physically see what is happening, however he could then see what a fool he had been and how he had been used when his eyes had been plucked out by Cornwall. This shows that Gloucester could not see what Edmond had been doing, until ironically Regan reveals Edmonds treachery just as his eyes are taken from him. Then when Cornwall had plucked his eyes out he recognises the symbolic irony of his previous blindness to the facts until after his physical blinding. We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear Act 3 Scene 7 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear Act 3 Scene 7 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on King Lear Act 3 Scene 7 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Shakespeare uses the theme of eyesight in other parts of the play as well as this, to show foolishness. Gloucesters foolishness is shown when he says, I stumbled when I saw. Lears foolishness is shown when he says to Kent Out of my sight, then Kent says to Lear see better, Lear which identifies the lack of Lears knowledge and again is symbolised by blindness. Shakespeare likes to use blindness to show the foolishness of the characters. Shakespeare shows this in act 3 scene 7 when Cornwall plucks out Gloucesters eyes and after his eyes have been plucked out he realises his foolishness. The manhood of the male actors plays an important part in this scene. This is shown when Regan plucks Gloucesters beard, in the Elizabethan times doing this to someone was an insult, especially if it was a woman who did it to a man. This was an insult because having a beard showed manhood. If a beard of a man was plucked by someone this was showing that the person plucking the beard thought that the person who had his beard plucked is less of a man; this was more insulting if a woman did this to a man. Gloucester takes this as a terrible insult, which is shown when he says, Naughty lady, these hairs which thou dost ravish from my chin. The importance of manhood is also shown when the servant says, if you did wear a beard upon your chin, Id shake it on the quarrel, this means that he is saying if you were a man then I would fight you. For the audiences watching this play in present times there is a language barrier because the audiences watching this play would have to translate the play into Modern English. The audiences watching this play in Elizabethan times would not have to translate the play into Modern English. This would mean that the audiences watching the play in Elizabethan times would see the play from a different perspective than audiences watching the play today. Throughout the play of King Lear, Gloucester and Lears lives run parallel to each other. The lives of Gloucester and Lear are shown as being alike because both of them did not realise how other characters in the play were betraying them. Lear eventually realised how much of a fool he had been, giving his kingdom away to Gonerill and Regan and not to Cordelia, when Gonerill and Regan had lied to him but Cordelia had loved him and received nothing from Lear. Now Gloucester had been betrayed by Edmond his life was now very similar to Lears life because Lear had also been betrayed. They both realised how foolish they had been and not to have noticed what had happened to them. They were also similar when Gloucester had his eyes plucked out by Cornwall because Gloucester could then see how Edmond had betrayed him when Lear realised how Gonerill and Regan had betrayed him. In this play the evilness of women is shown. This is shown by the evil things that Regan would do to other people to get power. Regan also commits the first murder in the play when killing the servant and then when Gloucesters eye has been plucked out she taints Gloucester by saying that Edmond has betrayed him when she says, It was he that made the overture of thy treasons to us. Lear describes Regan as tender-hefted, in act 2 scene 4, yet she takes part in barbaric maiming and kills a servant. The theme of this scene is evil, which is shown throughout the scene by Regan and Cornwall. The theme of this scene shocks and disturbs the audience and portrays the evilness of the characters. Regan shows how evil she is in this scene by saying, before killing the servant, Give me thy sword; Regan says this without any hesitation or thought. This shows that she has no thought for anyone or anyones life, which shows how evil she is in this scene. Another theme in this scene is good against evil, which many people find exciting to watch in a play, which may be one of the reasons why King Lear is a very popular Shakespeare play. In act 3 scene 7 the evil language, theme and characters are used, however in the quarts version of the play, this scene closes with two other servants who decide to assist Gloucester and soothe the pain that he received when his eyes were plucked out. In theatres the interval is often placed at the end of this scene because this scene could be used as the end of the play because it is one of the most dramatic scenes of the play.

Definition and Examples of Hypercorrection in English

Definition and Examples of Hypercorrection in English Hypercorrection (pronounced HI-per-ke-REK-shun) is a  pronunciation, word form, or grammatical construction produced by mistaken analogy with standard usage out of a desire to be correct. In some cases, hypercorrection may be a sign of language change. For example, in Understanding Language Use in the Classroom (2014), Susan Behrens points out that a hypercorrection such as Whom is it? would be rejected by everyone. However, Who did you see? would be rated by many as acceptable, even correct. Examples and Observations [H]ypercorrection crucially is motivated by the relationship between different dialects or languagesor rather by the relationship between these as perceived by their speakers.In many case, speakers focus on differences in prestige. Speakers of less prestigious dialects try to imitate a more prestigious one by adaptations in their pronunciation. . . .As the result of a variety of sound changes and analogical developments, English at a certain stage had two competing forms of the so-called gerund, a form in -ing (as in going) and a form in -en (as in goen). At a later stage, Standard English leveled out the form in -ing at the expense of -en. Many nonstandard dialects generalized -en, instead. This difference has since become one of the major features distinguishing standard from nonstandard English, and the use of the form in -en is often referred to as dropping ones gs. As speakers who drop their gs try to speak the prestige dialect, they replace their -en by -ing. And again, in many cases they go too far and extend their substitution to words like taken (as in I have taking it). (Hans Henrich Hock and Brian D. Joseph, Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship. Walter de Gruyter, 1996) I heard a good one on the preacher last week. You know somebody got into his barn a while ago, and stole every blessed chicking he had to his name. (Fred Lewis Pattee, The House of the Black Ring: A Romance of the Seven Mountains, 1905) Whomever [W]e saw a t-shirt proclaiming I am for whomever beats Harvard. The whomever usage is nonstandard in this sentence since the pronoun is the subject of the predicate beats Harvard. Such overuse of supposedly correct words, pronunciation, or structure is called hypercorrection. If you dont quite know the way whom should be used, but believe that it is more prestigious than who, you might indeed overuse it. (Susan J. Behrens and Rebecca L. Sperling, Language Variation: Students and Teachers Reflect on Accents and Dialects. Language in the Real World: An Introduction to Linguistics, ed. by Susan J. Behrens and Judith A. Parker. Routledge, 2010)My friend, you are yesterday. Whomever pulled off this caper is tomorrow. (Robert Vaughn as Ross Webster in Superman III, 1983) The Use of I for Me and Whom for Who Perhaps the most common example of hypercorrectness is the use of I for me in a compound subject: between you and I. Other common hypercorrect forms include whom for who, as for like (She, as any other normal person, wanted to be well thought of), the ending -ly where it doesnt belong (Slice thinly), some verb forms (lie for lay, shall for will), and many pronunciations. (W. R. Ebbit and D. R. Ebbitt, Writers Guide. Scott, 1978)She had very little to say to Cathy and I.Whom are we inviting to the party?The phrase between you and I looks like a hypercorrection (and is confidently described as such by some) starting with latter-day harping by school teachers on such supposed errors as It is me. But between you and I is far too ancient and persistent to be any such thing. (A. Sihler, Language History: An Introduction. John Benjamins, 2000) False Plurals [T]he attempt to foist proper Greek and Latin plurals has bred pseudo-erudite horrors such as axia (more than one axiom), peni, rhinoceri, and [octopi]. It should be . . . octopuses. The -us in octopus is not the Latin noun ending that switches to -i in the plural, but the Greek pous (foot). (Steven Pinker, Words and Rules. Basic, 1999) The Grammar of Anxiety Who is to give [schoolchildren] warning signals about the whole Grammar of Anxiety, which springs from the chronic fear of being thought uneducated or banal and coins such things as more importantly, he invited Mary and I, when I was first introduced, and the end result? (Alistair Cooke, The Patient Has the Floor. Alfred A. Knopf, 1986) Virus Theory The key construct of Virus Theory [a term coined by linguist Nicolas Sobin, 1997] is the grammatical virus, which is envisaged as a surface rule that is acquired relatively late (for example during schooling). The effect of a virus is to trigger (or license) a prestige usage that core grammar would not normally be expected to produce. . . .Unlike normal grammatical rules, viruses typically make reference to specific lexical items. Consider, for example, the It was/is I construction that is sometimes found in prestige English usage. The nominative case form of the post-copular pronoun in this construction clearly diverges from the unmarked pattern, according to which post-copular position correlates with accusative case. . . . We can thus infer that the rule that allows It was/is I in prestige varieties is an addition to the basic usage. (Nigel Armstrong and Ian E. Mackenzie, Standardization, Ideology and Linguistics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) Labov-Hypercorrection Labov-hypercorrection [is a] secular linguistic term associated with the embedding problem in which style stratification of marker is such that (usually) the second highest status group in a speech community uses higher status variants in formal styles more frequently than the highest status group. This linguistic behaviour can be interpreted as being the result of linguistic insecurity. Labov-hypercorrection should be distinguished from hypercorrection, whch is a feature of the speech of individuals. Labov-hypercorrection is term which is due to the British linguist J.C. Wells, who suggested that it was necessary to distinguish terminologically between individual hypercorrection and group hypercorrection of the type first described by William Labov in his research in New York City. (Peter Trudgill, A Glossary of Sociolinguistics. Oxford University Press, 2003)

Providing Appropriate Accommodations Term Paper

Providing Appropriate Accommodations - Term Paper Example Cerebral palsy is a disorder that affects the movements, balance and postures of the body. It refers to a paralytic state of the brain. It occurs as a result of abnormal development of the brain or parts of the brain that controls the tones of the muscles as well as the movements of the motor and cells. Thus the simple movements of the body also become difficult for the affected child. However, in spite of several forms of this palsy being capable of affecting children, it has been observed that the level of intelligence of these children may not be affected as it might seem to be. In fact, in several cases the intelligence levels of such children are like the normal children or even above averages sometimes. The health problem is significant in its nature and hence children suffering from this disorder need special care (Alvarez, 2012). Cerebral Palsy and its Characteristic Features among Small Children: The definition of cerebral palsy may be given as â€Å"a group of permanent di sorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitations that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in the developing fetal or infant brain. The motor disorders of cerebral palsy are often accompanied by disturbances of sensation, perception, cognition, communication and behavior, by epilepsy and by secondary musculoskeletal problems† (Introduction to Cerebral Palsy, 2012). Thus as explained above, cerebral palsy indicates abnormal functioning and non-development of the brain leading to abnormalities in the normal behavior and movements of the body (Introduction to Cerebral Palsy, 2012). Children suffering from cerebral palsy generally experience complexities in having control on their body muscles and movements while they grow up and develop. As these children grow up, the character and level of these difficulties modifies. However the disorder is not progressive and thus no change occurs in the actual injury or mutilation of the brain. What alter are the effects that arise as a result of the injury in the brain. The changes may occur over a certain period of time. It has been also observed that patients with this order may be helped to great extents through physiotherapy and other therapies. Thus children suffering from cerebral palsy are at many times referred to a therapist or are checked by a multi-disciplinary team under the involvement of local Child Development Centre. Since parts of the brain get affected as a result of the disorder, thus there may be allied complexities which become apparent when a child develops â€Å"for example, in vision, hearing, learning and behavior† (Introduction to Cerebral Palsy, 2012). It is not abnormal for not providing with a diagnosis if the motor development in the child is almost complete while doctors keep monitoring the child in the course of the development stages of sitting, crawling and walking (Introduction to Cerebral Palsy, 2012). Characteristic Feat ures of Students Suffering from Cerebral Palsy: Children with cerebral palsy encounter difficulties in moving their muscles normally. This primarily occurs as a result of persistence of certain reflexes that lead to movements and postures of the body that are unconscious in nature. The children encounter problem since these movements

The Global Pharmaceutical Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Global Pharmaceutical Industry - Case Study Example The global pharmaceutical industry is quite unusual and in various geographic markets there happens to only one powerful buyer, i.e. the government. During the 80s and 90s the governments round the globe started to concentrate on the pharmaceuticals as some kind of an easy target in order to control the expenditures related to healthcare and get greater value for money. These typed of activities by the governments is just a reflection of the cultural differences. The industry in true sense has got global and hence the employment and ownership has become concentrated in very few countries. Regulators have quite often been challenged to reduce the overburdening of the growing areas related to the area of biotechnology research.   There are also increasing pressure from inter country pricing inequality as well as parallel trade. One such example would the difference between USA and Canada (Henry, 2008, p. 89).Economic ForcesPatients usually have had very little influence on the choice of price and products, because the doctors make the prescription. Again the medical practitioners tend to favor branded products. On the other hand the incentives to buy products got decreased as the costs were reimbursed or assumed by the insurers or the heath care authorities. The supply of the pharmaceutical market is still quite fragmented as very few companies are holding a share of more than 11%-20%. The industry has the presence of some strong international player’s bases in France, Japan and India in the form of Ranbaxy.... One such example would the difference between USA and Canada (Henry, 2008, p. 89). Economic Forces Patients usually have had very little influence on the choice of price and products, because the doctors make the prescription. Again the medical practitioners tend to favor branded products. On the other hand the incentives to buy products got decreased as the costs were reimbursed or assumed by the insurers or the heath care authorities. The supply of the pharmaceutical market is still quite fragmented as very few companies are holding a share of more than 11%-20%. The industry has the presence of some strong international player’s bases in France, Japan and India in the form of Ranbaxy. However, the recent economic down turn has meant that the companies had to reduce the spending on R&D and as a result number of new products that were supposed to reach the market has fallen (Churchill, 2009, p.211). Social Forces The baby boom generation is approaching retirement and there hav e been new efforts on the part of the companies to serve the purpose of treatment of the elderly. The end users are now a lot better informed about the products. The rise of the internet has helped the customers to get valuable info about pharmacy based products quite easily. Consumers have become a lot educated and as a result a lot more demanding (Brown, 2009, p. 209). Technological Forces Technological factors can actually lower the market entry barriers and reduce the efficient production levels and influence the outsourcing decisions. Some of the factors include the R&D activities, rate of technology change and technology incentives. One of the major implications of the technological development has been the development of drugs that can help

Selection Process for Expatriates

Selection Process for Expatriates Chapter 2 Literature Review: In this chapter researcher tried to discuss all the related studies which are done in past and are available in literature. A lot of work has been done in the literature on the topic of selection. Before proceeding to the actual topic it is necessary to look at the different methods of selection which an organization uses and see that what are the different techniques and criteria which are used for the selection of staff. 2.1 Selection: Moore (2006) discussed this as the selection is the whole process which includes choosing the right candidate for the position from those persons who have been recruited. This involves testing and evaluating the skills of an individual is required for the particular job. According to Dessler (2000) the selection is the process in which the recruited individual is whittled down by using screening tools like assessment centers, interviews, and different tests. 2.2 Expatriate selection: According to (Dowling, Welch, Schuler, 1999, pg: 154) Multinationals take great care in their selection process, however predicting future performance potential of the concerned staff is challenging at the best of times especially operating in foreign environments adds another level of uncertainty. The expatriate selection process results in higher cost to the multinationals including relocation process, allowance and accommodation apart from the training costs. (Hailey 2000, pg; 90) During the expatriate selection process, 02 conflicting forces operate within the expatriates mind. One that pulls the employee into moving to the new place, the other tends to stop him from going (Baruch 2005, pg 129). 2.3 Importance of an Expatriates and International Assignments: The world is globalizing very rapidly and change has become necessary for the organization to survive and to gain competitive advantage internationally. According to Harris and Brewster, (1999) the rapidly globalizing world has increased the need for the international assignments and many of the organizations started considering international management experience for the top management. So the international assignments are becoming an important part for the success of an organization to gain competitive advantage. As discussed by Chen, Tzeng Tang, 2005 that organizations internationalize their operation to gain success and to increase its market value internationally and for this purpose an organization needs effective expatriate who can perform its task properly. In this new era the importance of expatriate has increased because expatriates are the ones who can give an organization proper international exposure and make the organization successful. 2.4 Selection Process: One of the most studied areas for the expatriate selection is the selection process of the expatriate. The selection of expatriate has always been difficult procedure for the multinational organizations. Swaak quotes one HR executive who said. â€Å"My job is to find people in a hurry.† So this system is highly crisis-oriented and unsophisticated. Swaak, (1995) further confirms the problems for the nature of the selection process. Still and Smith (1997) report the results of Australian research, which shows that there were a number of different ways through which expatriates were selected. They studied that the most impressive and important form of selection or evaluation of the expatriate was recommendation of the person by the line manager including chief executive officer or specialist persons. Mostly expatriates in the multinational organizations in a knee-jerk reaction to the need to fill a new or unexpected vacancies overseas. Actually there are well informed intercultural trainers or a good HR professional who selects the expatriates but basically it is HR department within multinational organization who selects the expatriate finally. Managements choose the most technical and competent candidates which makes the expatriates successful internationally. Shilling, (1993 pg 58) 2.5 Types of selection Process: * Psychometric Tests * Assessment Centers * Coffee machine system 2.5.1 Psychometric Tests: According to Passmore, 2008 Psychometrics are the widely used testing method for the selection of the employee and personal development. The psychological test is always important for the selection of the employee especially for the selection of an international manager. According to the validity of psychological tests is disputed. According to Sparow and Brewster (2007) the psychologists the variation between the different natured job test is very small (Schmidt and Hunter, 1998). According to a survey done by The Graduate Recruitment in 2007 two third or about 67 percent of 219 respondents surveyed said that the results of psychometric test had some influence on recruiting and selection decisions, and 24 percent said that it has strong influence, and only 2 percent said that these test does not have any influence. So the above shows the importance of psychometric tests. According to Sparow and Brewster (2007) psychological assessment increasingly involves the application of tests i n different cultural contexts, either in a single country or different countries. Now a day the demand of cross cultural assessment test is increasing due to the increasing factor of globalization to gain competitive advantage in international market. According to Mendenhall and Oddou, 1985 one of the important option for evaluating the selection process is the use of psychological tests and evaluation devices. There are number of instruments available to measure the stress level of an individual. In 2.1 the real importance of psychometric test is shown. Psychometric tests are reliable that the selected person will be the one on whom one can rely. And obviously these kinds of tests are valid for any kind of job. The most important point in this test is that it does not include any biasness and the selectors cannot show the biasness while selecting on the basis of psychometric tests. These tests are also standard for different jobs. All the above mentioned qualities and factors involve in the psychometric tests. In other words one can say that almost all the abilities present in an individuals mind can be noticed, and the end result will always ends up in the right selection of expatriate. 2.5.2 Assessment Centre: As the assessment centers are considered to be one of the best selection techniques so according to Sparow and Brewster assessment centers will be the best idea as a selection technique to assess the competency of international managers. This is rarely the case, however. According to sparrow (1999) Even where assessment centers are used to select the managers in international settings, the key cross cultural assessment centers seems to be to design the assessment process so that it is very adaptable to local environment in which it will be operated. So there is need of cross culture assessment centers in which international managers can be assessed accordingly with the changing environment. Krause and Gebert (2003) have done study on international literature on the conception, operation and evaluation of assessment centers. He examined 281 German firms whose language was German and he compares them with the previously studied firms of United States of America. Study showed that both the American and German firms use the assessment centers but the purpose of some of them was different from the basics. For example the competencies assessed for job analysis might be identified through the use of interviews with job incumbents in 79% of US firms and only 39% of German firms. Most of the German firms rely on interviews for the selection of international managers or expatriates. So the assessment centers are considered to be an important process for expatriate selection. 2.5.3 Coffee Machine System This system was the idea of Harris and Brewster (1999) the key findings of the study show the reality of the selection process for expatriate selection in the organizations. In many organizations the selection process falls under what we call ‘coffee machine system and this system is the most common form of expatriate selection. What happens is that the senior line manager is standing by the coffee machine when he/she is joined by the colleague: ‘Hows it going? ‘Oh, you know, overworked and underpaid. Actually Jimmy in Mumbai has just fallen ill and is being flown home. I dont know who I can choose to work over there at very short notice of time. It is driving me crazy. ‘Have you met Simon on the fifth floor? he is working in the same line of work. He is very good and bright and looks like going a long way. He was telling me that he and his wife had great holiday in Goa a couple of years ago. He seems to like India. Could be worthy to speak to him. Hey, thanks I will check and speak to him. ‘No problem. They dont seem to be able to improve this coffee though, do they? What happen in the organization next is that the manger will take some decision and will have informal discussion with his seniors about Simon and then that man will be called and interviewed and selected for the required position. Accordingly HR department and financial department will be involved in the process and the formal and systematic process will be started. This method is rarely used in the organizations in particular cases when there is an urgent need to fill the position of expatriate. 2.6 Niche Assessments According to Bolt (2008) many assessment venders specialize in certain niches and offer off-the-shelf products to meet clients testing needs. However, vendors can find such persons or individuals for the company who can fit in the organizations new environment and can coop with the new organizations culture. Testing is the most important part of the application process of the candidate because testing gives the good idea of the individuals abilities and competencies. 2.7 Factors involved in selection Process: There are number of factors which affect the performance of expatriate. Dowling, Welch, Schuler, (1999) recognised some of the important and most affective factors and these are the factors which involved to determine an appropriate expatriate selection process. All the factors are shown in a model below. 2.7.1 Technical Ability: According to Hays, 1971 All expatriates are assigned abroad to complete some task weather its building a dam, running some business, or teaching it all depends on the personal technical ability to perform that task. Obviously it is important to consider the individuals personal ability to perform the required task assigned to the expatriate. So in selection it is another important area which needs to look at. Different research findings show that the multinational organization give a lot of importance to the technical abilities of the individuals going abroad for international assignments at the time of their selection. According to Harvey and Novicevic, (2001) technical and functional expertise has been the primary criterion for selecting expatriate managers for assignments. Hixon found that the selection was based on technical ability and willingness to reside abroad. If the individual is selected without keeping in view its technical ability. It can create the big problems for the multinational organizations to complete its related task or assignment. Reinforcing the emphasis on technical skills is the relative ease with which the multinational may assess the potential candidates potential, since technical and managerial competence can be determined on the basis of past performance of the individual who is going to be selected as expatriate. In fact domestic selection cannot be equal to the international selection but person can be selected on the basis of past domestic records which he has performed domestically as the basic criteria is always the same in all the multinational organizations so on the basis of past abilities there should not be any problem for the organizations to select the expatriates. This approach is also found by Foster and Johnsen, (1996) who report the results of the research into the expatriate selection practices for the newly internationalized UK organizations which shows that organizations keep in view the technical skills, and pr evious domestic records while selecting expatriate for international assignments. 2.7.2Cross Cultural Suitability: The environment and the culture where an expatriate is going is an important factor for an expatriate. So the selectors of the expatriates should always consider the factor of culture for the expatriate. Although these factors does not guarantee for an expatriate for his successes but if these factors are not considered it can lead it towards the failure of expatriate. If the culture is considered then it is always important to study the Hofsteds dimensions for cross culture and Trompenaars dimensions so these researches are explained in detail as follows. 2.7.3 Culture: Culture is always important for any expatriate selection, so it is very necessary for HR managers and selectors to keep the factor of culture in view while selecting expatriate for international assignments. There have been a lot of studies on culture and there are a lot of different definitions of culture some of them are given below. (Kluckholn Strodtbeck 1952) define culture as, â€Å"a set of basic assumptions-shared solutions to universal problems of external adaptation (and internal integration- which have evolved over time and are handed down from one generation to the next. The life style of people living in the society is called culture it includes the social, economical, political, religious, life style of the individuals in the country. According to Drennan, 1992 â€Å"whatever is going around is called culture.† Culture is the way of life of a group of people. There are obvious differences between the different cultures such as language, dress, religion, beliefs, and behaviours of the people, and there are also implicit differences between the two cultures such as in values, assumptions about how things should be. So these different degrees of explicitness are often called the culture. ScullionLinehan, (2005) So the culture is very important factor for the selection of expatriate because the individuals move from one culture to another culture for the completion of their assignment. 2.7.4 Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Greet Hofstedes cultures consequences (1980, 2001) explores the differences in thinking and social action at the country level between members of 50 nations and three regions. Hofstede originally used IBM employees answers to company attitude survey conducted twice, around 1968 and 1972. The survey generated more than 116,000 questionnaires with the number of respondents used in the analysis being approximately 30,000 in 1969 and 41000 in 1973. Hofstede identified and validated four cultural dimensions from respondents patterned answers. For each dimension, he presented possible origins as well as predictors and consequences for management behavior. Hofsteds four dimensions are as follows 1. Power Distance 2. Uncertainty Avoidance 3. Individualism versus Collectivism 4. Masculinity versus Femininity Another dimension which is fifth dimension presented by Michael Bond is Long term versus Short term Orientation was subsequently developed from a research to accommodate non-western orientations and has been adopted from the Chinese Culture Connection study. Power distance: The dimension indicates the extent up to which extend a society expects and a high degree of inequality in institutions and organizations. It refers to the relationship between supervisors and subordinates. It reflects the extent to which the less powerful members of organisations expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. In organisations illustration of a high power distance score is generally represented as a highly vertical hierarchical pyramid. Subordinates are often told or ordered about a particular task but they are not normally entitled to discuss the decision made by the top management so basically the meaning of power distance is that higher the person in hierarchy the more difficult will be this person to approach. So there are some barriers for that person to see their top management. The barriers can be of different ways like the person barriers or the employee is not allowed to see the top manager or they are not allowed to attend the high m anagerial level meetings in which decisions are made. So basically power distance shows the distance between a supervisor and his employee. Uncertainty avoidance: This refers to the degree to which a society prefers predictability, security and stability. According to Hofsted the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations. He argued that high uncertainty avoidance is expressed for example by a companys need for regulations which tends to minimize in the behaviour of its employees. Company rules are such thing which cannot be broken by the employees even if he think that breaking the rule is in companys best interest in such sort of environment the work stress is more and uncertainty avoidance is high. On the other hands if the employees are less affected by uncertainty is called low uncertainty avoidance. Individualism-Collectivism: this dimension relates to the extent to which people prefer to take care of themselves and their immediate families rather than being bound to some wider collectively such as extended family. Hofsted ask the IBM individuals that how important is to keep in view his work goals rather than the organisation. If there is preferred work goals stress dependence on organisation. For example good physical working condition, good ventilation enough space individualism in the work place can be seen. Collectivism can be seen in preference of collective organisation. Masculinity-Femininity: Masculine societies value assertiveness, competitiveness and materialism as opposed to the feminine values of relationships and the quality of life. Males tend to express preferences for assertiveness recognition when doing good job. On the other hand females prefer the aspect of interpersonal work. Michele Bonds Research about cultural dimensions: Another dimension which is mentioned above is Long-term versus Short -term Orientation. In 1987 a questionnaire was developed by Michele bond with the project Chinese Culture Connection (CCC). He developed a questionnaire representing fundamental and basic values of Chinese people. This questionnaire was then given to the students of 23 Asian and non Asian countries. The statistical analysis developed four different dimensions. Three out of four were same as it was of Hofsteds the fifth was different from Hofsted. 2.7.5 Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner Like Hofsted Trompenaar also studied different dimensions of cultures. According to him different culture deals with different universal problems. He proposed three problems which are as follows 1. Social Interaction 2. Passage of time 3. Relationship to the Environment These cultural dimensions describe the characteristics that each culture provides an answer to three fundamental problems. In multinational and international organizations cultural dimensions will be based on the the responses of the managers. The dimensions found by the Tropenaar and Hampden is discussed in detail as below. 2.7.6 Trompennars Cultural Dimensions The Trompenaars cultural dimensions are discussed as follows. Neutral versus Affective: This dimension is particularly based on the certain situation. Trompenaar measured this dimension with the particular question which was how would you behave if you face any problem at work and you feel upset about it? Would you express your feelings openly before other peoples? The answers and responses were different from different countries. The resulting cultural dimension tells us that in particular countries emotion is being displayed together with rationale arguments. This may be confusing for the people coming from the culture where rational argument is provided instead of emotions so that dimension was recognized by Tropmpanaar Individualism versus Communitarianism: this dimension of trompanaar resembles to the dimension of Hofsted which is on employees. This dimension mainly focuses on employees goals within an organization the way they work within an organization and their responsibilities. Universalism versus Practiclarism: This dimension is about the personal behavior and its implement on universal rules for example not telling lie and following the rules and regulations. People can either consider that principles apply whatever the situation, or specificity of each situation determines whether one should apply them or not. Achievement versus Ascription: This dimension is tells us about the personal achievement of the employees within an organization. In the work environment which is achievement versus ascription the employees judge themselves at their own and make decisions. They are also motivated to work more good and to work more hard within the organization. Specify versus Diffuseness: this type of dimension tells us that in most of the cultures the people compartmentalize themselves and divide their work in different phases. Being good friend at work does never means that they should know each other family and of course for good relatives its not necessary to know their work environment. For example a manager will never meet its subordinate while playing golf, he will instead meet some golf coach or golf specialist to improve his game. So that is kind of culture which describe such kind of dimension. Sequential versus Synchronic the time is divided in to two main themes to perform in certain time frame and orientation. Hall, 1959 introduced monochromic and polychromic. Monochrony is a perception that time is linear sequential and definite whereas Polychrony is a perception that time is multilinear. So these two types of times differ for two different cultures. Trompenaars, 1993 develops these themes regarding their implication for action made sequentially or synchronically in an organization. Inner versus Outer Directedness: This dimension reflects the belief either that individuals can control and influence their environment or that they limited ability to do so. Consequences for management are reflected for example in strategic plan either they will tend to plan and provoke changes or try to take best advantage of the available situation. 2.7.7 Family Requirements: Family factors composed of five criteria: marital status, children, spouses attitude, spouses employment and spouse adjustment (Chen, TzengTang, 2005). It is always important for the HR department of MNE to consider the personal life of an expatriate. So the contribution of the family particularly spouse plays an important role for the success of an expatriate for the completion of international assignment. Black and Stephens examined the influence of the spouse on American expatriate adjustment. They surveyed 220 U.S expatriates and their spouses working in Japan, Taiwan, and Hong Kong, they found that the adjustment of the expatriate working abroad for international assignment is positively related to the spouses adjustment. The adjustment of the spouse is highly correlated with the adjustment of the expatriate. Likewise there was an Australian research into the psychological impact of relocation on the partners of 58 expatriate managers. They found that the decisions which were ma de by most of the expatriates to relocate highly depend on the decision of his partner. The above two mentioned researches show that the family of the expatriate highly depends upon the settlement of expatriate abroad. 2.7.8 Country/Cultural Requirements: The host country may be an important determinant. Some regions and countries are hard to adjust like the remote areas away from the cities, or the war zone countries and now days there are some countries which are not safe as far as terrorism is concerned. Accompanying the family members will again be a big responsibility for the multinational organizations. In most of the countries where it is very hard for the Europeans to go for example the country like Saudi Arabia has got the culture according to which women have to cover their heads and cover them properly so it will be a bit hard for the family of western expatriate to adjust in that culture. Or this can be vice versa as well. Weather is another important factor for the countries and it is a bit hard for the expatriates to adjust themselves in the different weather from their host country. Black and Mandenhall (1990) argued about the cross cultural adjustment cross cultural adjustment that it can be facilitated if the expatria tes have awareness of the norms and behaviors of the host country. 2.7.9 MNE Requirements: Multinational may consider the proportion of expatriates to local staff when making selection decisions mainly as an outcome of its staffing philosophy. However the requirements of the different MNEs is different or they may be require to use PCNs and TCNs, obviously this will react to the selection decision for the multinational organisations. Other situational factors are as follows The mode of operation involved: Selecting staff to work in an international joint venture may involve major input from the local partner, and be constrained by the negotiated agreement on selection processes. Duration of assignment: Family members tend to accompany an expatriate when the assignment is only for three to six months duration, so family requirements may not be a strong factor in the selection decision. International training development In above 2.3 the whole process of expatriation is shown it starts from the recruitment and selection, once the right person is chosen for the right job then the most important step of training starts which is directly related to the pre departure step for expatriation then the process of development of the process starts which ends up in making of an international team when an expatriate is fully trained then they are told about the nature of assignment. 2.7.10 Language: Language is another important aspect when adjusting away from home country. This ability is often linked with the cross cultural ability. For an expatriate it is necessary to learn a bit of language of the country where he is going to accomplish its assignment. According to Tung knowledge of host countrys language is important for functional head and operative jobs. According to victor (1992) difference in languages is the major barrier for the international assignments. But according o some studies and researches in the past the language sometimes is not very much important for expatriates completing their international assignments. In terms of other selection criteria the factor of language is placed lower down when looking into the factors for the expatriate selection process. As done by the price water house research 1998 they placed language at third place while determining the factors for the expatriate selection. Basically language is not any problem for the selection of expat riate where the host country speaks the same language so the problem occurs when the expatriate has to be select for the non English speaking language. But now a day the English has now become an international language and it is necessary for an international manger to learn the English language to communicate even in the non English speaking countries. 2.8 Strategic choices in expatriate selection: As we have seen above the factors which need to be kept under consideration while selecting expatriates for international assignment. The process of selection is basically used to fill the international positions of the organisation. The organisation faces several strategic choices during selection process. The strategic choices are mentioned as follows. * Internal recruitment versus external recruitment. * Individuals versus teams. * Technical qualifications versus other selection criteria. * Extrinsic rewards versus intrinsic rewards. The above mentioned strategic represent two opposite extremes on a continuum. The majority of the decisions fall in between the two extreme strategies. 2.8.1 Internal versus external recruitment Interesting findings by the recent study on expatriate selection is that there is shortage of international managers, due to growing concern of international mobility (Scullion, 1994). The shortage of international managers creates problems in expatriate selection. From an organisations point of view the selection decision is made under circumstances where the organisation has a lot of applications looking for the job of international managers. Brewster and Scullion 1997 suggested that availability of the international managers seems to be the critical variable in acceptance of international assignment The above discussion tells us that it is not always necessary that the required managers or expatriates are always available within the organisation to overcome this shortage of the managers the organisation then find some external sources to fill up the position. According to the study by Torbion 1982 and Scullion 1994 most of the organisations mostly rely on the internal sources of the organisation to fill up this position. On the other hand Boyacigiller 1990 suggested that the external market is always full of required talented managers who can work as an international manager. Here comes a very interesting question that why the most of the researcher emphasis mostly on internal selection of the international managers? The answer which click in mind is that internal selection makes the task easy for the selectors and HR managers while selecting the expatriates because as a member of organisation most of the selectors know their performance and abilities of the individuals working within an organisation. So this can give them benefit to select the expatriate with the required abilities. The internal selection of international managers becomes reliable when strategic purpose of the assignment is co-ordination and control of operations. This point was discussed by Black, et al 1992 by saying that for the good co-ordination for an expatriate in global market requires assignments of the people with broad experience in the firm including a lot of contacts within the firm. 2.8.2 Case study Barclaycard International (centralized control and recruitment primarily for overseas labour markets.) â€Å"Barclays introduced its first credit card in the United Kingdom named as Barclaycard and now Barclays has one of the major global credit card businesses which have speedy growth approach. Outside the UK, it operates in the United States, Germany, Greece, Italy, Sweden, Norway Portugal, Ireland, France, Asia Pacific, and across Africa. Barclays is currently looking to have alliances with Standard Bank of South Africa, acquisition of Juniper Financial Corporation and a series of in-country launches. Barclays employed 3000 staff, and it had 15 per cent based in the UK. To enable development, Barclaycard International recruited a group of people management process to bring firmness, management and good organization of people. Challenges were different in the different cultures depending upon the country, culture and business market of the country. The basic and first age

Humour and Satire in Urdu Literature

Humor and Satire In Urdu Literature Taken Gull* & Tableaus Abstract Humor & Satire are an integral part of all forms of literature; & when the tragic part of a drama/story becomes unbearable, humor/satire provide a much needed diversion & relief. This article examines the effect of humor & satire with reference to some of the leading men of letters of Urdu literature. Keywords: Humor, Satire, Urdu, Literature It is difficult for human beings to always lead a solemn and glum life. They require amusement, mental relaxation and recreation of some sort. Humor is the most suitable & Innocent option for this purpose.Humor can be verbal, visual or physical. Non-verbal forms of communication for example – music and art can also be humorous. Since literature is the replica of life it produces not only serious, subtle and delicate literary pieces but also the need for mild, mature and mellow compositions has always been longed for to coax and cajole the readers. To maintain the regulari ty and steadiness of life the elements of humor and satire are always needed. Prevalently humor and satire are used as a compound genre but they are two different words having two distinct meanings.Simon Waistlines is of the opinion hat humor is the weapon of unarmed people: it helps people who are oppressed to smile. In fact, humor succeeds where wisdom fails. Stephen Lacked asserts: â€Å"Humor may also be defined as the kindly contemplation of the Incongruities of life and the artistic expression thereof. I think this is the best I know, because I wrote it myself. † 1 This classification demonstrates three important aspects, which are the ‘Irregularities of life', ‘kindly contemplation' and ‘artistic expression'.The first point explains that a humorist does not look at the Irregularities Taken Gull, Assistant Professor, Zinnia College for Women, University of Appeaser. ** Tableaus laved, Lecturer, Zinnia College for Women, university of Appeaser. * Taken Gull & Tableaus Saved of life disdainfully rather gets amused with them, the second Is that he deals up with comic situations and gruesomeness of life and the third point explains that a humorist adopts a very skillful manner of portraying such funny situations instead of presenting them in a blunt and boring way.Moving on to the better half of humor that Is satire, sarcasm and gibe as defined by the encyclopedia Britannica; â€Å"Satire In Its literary aspect, may be defined as the expression In adequate terms of the sense of amusement or disgust excited by the ridiculous or unseemly, provided that literary form without humor, satire is invective; without literary form, it is mere clownish Jeering†2 Babul- al-Jeez Hafted Suicide defines satire in the following words: â€Å"The comic situations of life which can be pointed out and the contemptuous aspects of life which can be opposed and humorously criticized are termed as satire†. The process of sarcasm shares a lot w ith surgery. As a surgeon dissects and opens p the human body in order to extricate it by the infected portion, similarly a satirist identifies the follies of the society and extricates it of the corruptive matters. Although it is true and admitted that a satirist definitely has the gusto and ardor of elatedness and supremacy present in him. Whatever a satirist targets he shows his soreness towards it and is desirous to modify and aspire it. Perhaps the element of sympathy is absent which is considered to be the spirit of humor.ABA-AH-Chair considering, states: â€Å"Those satirists who extract amusement and laugh at the helplessness of people can never reach the heights. A good satirist is a merciless surgeon and ruthlessly dissects but in his satire there are no signs of personal revenge or hollowness. His sole purpose is constructive and to bring forward a positive change. The objective of his art is to point out the hideousness of life and to beautify society. â€Å"4 Whether it is satire or humor both require sincerity and fidelity, whereas, prejudice, priggishness and ego are all considered injurious for them.Making somebody a subject of humor or saturating someone on the basis of personal grudges is a complete violation of the rules and is The Dialogue 179 Volume VII Number 2 Humor and Satire in Urdu Literature extremely cheap in itself. That is the reason, why in every literature it is considered to be the humor and satire of the lowest degree. Contrary to this, the earnest pleasure or displeasure of mind and thought gives vitality to humor and satire. Then the most difficult aspect of this skill is to criticize your own self.To ridicule others and make them the target of buffoonery is comparatively easy but to mock at oneself jovially is most difficult thing in the world. It is therefore rightly said by Shabby-LU- Hosannas that only those nations are considered to be civilized who can make fun of their weaknesses. 5 Satire can only grow and develop in such societies where people have prudent and practical approach towards life. Only those people give space to satire who have the patience and will for change.Rehashed Mad Suicide says that humor and satire can only develop in those countries and nations who are independent and value independence. But this genre cannot build up among the nations who are bound in the shackles of slavery. Among the people where gods and decent and quality humor and satire. Sarcasm exposes before the readers the personal folly and humiliation of others which can only be handled by a mature mind of decent taste and disciplined attitude. In short, it is a genre whose reader is not only able to see the faults of others but their own misdeeds as well.The element of humor makes this genre light hearted, Jovial, intimate and infectious. It is therefore necessary that it should not be cheap and vulgar but should rather be meaningful, far reaching, universalism and enduring. In another situation humor and s atire can be made the basis for estimating standards of the literature of any language. Humor and fun are cultural and represent the customs, traditions, beliefs and norms of a particular society. In fact, the types of humor vary from people to people and society to society.The comic gestures and funny situations which can be a laughing stalk for us may not be humorous at all for a British or an American. On the other hand, according to Muhammad Alma Khan humor and satire together can create the history of the mentality of a nation and also are its heritage. Also it can be agreed upon that humor and irony of any community or civilization can be used as n absolute scale to test the glee, perception, temperaments and feelings of them. 7 Now we have to observe whether humor and satire are correlated or not.Norman Forlorn in this connection states that for literary satire two components are worthwhile; one is criticizing and saturating an odious incident or thing and the other humor. 18 0 Rasher Mad Quietude's opinion is contrary to that of Norman Furlong's. According to him satire is implicit in humor, whereas, humor should not be a part of satire. He considers humor superior to satire and a form of arts which is difficult in execution. For humor, he says: complacent attitude and conferment is required, whereas, for satire energy, sorrow, anger and assertion all are required simultaneously. In comparison to Rehashed Mad Suicide, Stayed Thatches Hussein's notion is comparatively more steady where he writes that the sour feeling that people develop while reading a satirical work is the very reason why people separate it from humor. Hence, Thicker and Meredith both have accepted the vitality of humor but not of satire. The reality is that the existence of satire is impossible without the presence of humor, whereas, humor can exist without attire. 9 Anyhow, it is important to observe the several techniques of humor and satire. ). The first technique is that of compari son in which humor is created by the simultaneously. The second technique is â€Å"the use of language†. Developing humor by creatively using the human speech and expression in which Taker (repetition), Rarity-e-leaflet (pun) and Bazaar Kanji (wit) are included . Iii). The third technique is that of a humorous situation. Iv). The fourth technique is the use of a humorous character. V). The fifth technique is that of parody. V'). The sixth technique s that of irony.No doubt there are other techniques like Sol-e-mammal (paradox), Ambulance (exaggeration) etc. But the ones given above are universally known and popular. After observing the general aspects of humor and satire, we switch on to the art of humor and satire in Urdu literature. When we throw a cursory glance at it we learn that the early onset of it can be found in some ancient Distant (legends). But the quality of humor and satire in some places is quite inferior while at others the jazzy effects of naturally pleasant and amusing humor and satire are visible. InUrdu literature humor and satire are conspicuously observed for the first time in the letters written by Kigali where frank humor and offhandedness are quite domineering. Kigali was blessed with dual attribute of being a poet and a prose writer. Humor was a part of his nature, that's why Hall called him â€Å"Hewn-e- Career† (humorous animal). His humor is pious and pure. He smiles at the occasions when people are whining and crying. He is capable of laughing at himself not only on others. In his 181 letters we find soft smiles instead of whole hearted laughter.In his letters, instead of sing loud and sharp colors, he uses a beautiful blend of light colors of humor. Besides Kigali, humor and wit are also observed in the writings of Sir Seed Mad Khan and Chablis Neumann, whereas, the elements of satire are more specific in the literature contributed by Deputy Nazi Mad. Sir Seed's work was serious, constructive and persuasive but in reaction the humor and satire of demeanor was introduced in the form of Owed-e-punch, which swathed the irregularities, serration and Jaggedness of the society.But the quality of humor and satire of this newspaper was below standard. Jaded Hussein, Mach Bag Steamfitter, Tarragon Nathan Hajji and Jaywalk Parsed Barb etc. Are the eminent figures of this age. After this, there were seen several different kinds of humor and satire in Urdu literature and it gained a lot of popularity, some were self evident while others were mellow and mild. The names of Mullah Ramirez, Rehashed Mad Squid, Pratfall Bag, Eczema Bag Caught, Patria Babushka, Shattuck Than and Flak BEMA, etc. Re worth seriousness and humor. His purpose is always serious but style of expression is pleasant and witty. His choice of diction is the main reason of his successful writings ND he is an expert of using idiomatic and flowery language of Delhi. He loves antiquity and traditional people and is considered a conservative person. His style is productive and he talks about the improvement of society but never becomes dry and stringy. Weaker Gaga says that liveliness and vivacity are the main features of his style.In his writings certain happenings, characters and comparison are not used as tools to create laughter but words and sentences are constructed in such a pleasant way that they pleasantly touch the sensations of mind and heart. Such expressions automatically create smiles and one feels fresh and lively. 0 Although Patria Babushka has less contribution (in volume) but whatever he wrote gives him a prominent place in Urdu literature. His study is very vast and he has a great appreciation & understanding of international and especially English literature.There is a touch of delicacy, liveliness and good taste in his humor. He creates humor with situations more than words. He is good at parody writing but repartee is his special technique. He does not laugh at the individuals but at the groups and classes. Stayed Abdullah writes about him that the essence of his humor is based on integrity, uprightness ND sincerity more than sympathy and kindness. He dislikes and hates absurdities. He is a misanthropist and sometimes mocks himself. 11 182 Rehashed Mad Quietude's name is also mentioned along with Patria Babushka.Rehashed Mad was an alumni of Alight and taught there as a professor of Urdu literature. His essays are not easily comprehensible and intelligible because he keeps on referring to specific incidents and only those people can enjoy his writings who have deep knowledge in history, politics and literature. He quickly mentions one thing and the mind keeps on collecting segments into a single whole. The delicacy and fore-sightedness of his thoughts is quite different from other humorists. Ale- Mad Sartor writes about him that Rehashed Mad Squid is different from Patria and Particular Bag.He is among those people who are neither considered conservative nor modern rather he belongs to both the categories. He is an expert in paradox as well as repartee. Because of this dual quality he is considered Chesterton and Bernard Shah of Urdu literature. 12 Ale Mad Sartor gives a very good comparison of these three humor and satire writers, â€Å"Patria takes the raw material or his humor from the living beings where as Particular Bag from the dead ones writers were those who were not basically humorists but their writings reflect the sweetness of humor and satire.Some salient names of such writers are Mimed-LU- Fade, Balalaika Sad, Muffed All Badland, Manual Safari All Khan, Jazz Abdul Gaffer, Goshawk Hosannas Minimize, Abdul Amazed Salk, Amazed Lahore, Abraham Sales and Abdul Myocardial etc. The eminent names among modern humor writers are: Colonel Muhammad Khan, Shaffer-our-Raman, Gymkhana Ala Kapok, Fine Nash, Moisakos Hussein Had, Tall Hag Assam, Seaside Salk, Wausau Nazism, Goshawk Abdul Chaffer, Magmata Hussein, Young Butt and Muskrat Mad Housefly. The m ost prominent name among them is Muskrat Mad Housefly who is a natural humorist.His writings are adorned and decorated with special formalities but his sentences are smooth, pleasant and abrupt. He is witty and derives meanings out of meanings and deduces deep hidden meanings from apparent descriptions which seem to be an extempore conversation of a scholar. Most of his topics are taken from our day- today life but even from these common topics he seeks out some strange and amazing aspects of humor. Shade Mashes says that the foresight of Housefly entreats into human psyche and makes observations†¦