Justification And Weaknesses Of Non-Interpretive Essays

Defense And Weaknesses Of Non-Interpretive Essays Defense And Weaknesses Of Non-Interpretive Defense and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model Brief: Justification and Weaknesses of the Non-Interpretive Model The question of Constitutional understanding despite everything still can't seem to be settled. Should just the unequivocal orders of our countries Founding Fathers be referenced in official courtrooms, or would it be able to be supported that an outside body ought to extrapolate from the particular content of the Constitution to characterize what's more, protect extra principal rights? Further, if this body, to be specific the Supreme Court, bases its choices of sacred importance not completely on careful translation, at that point paying little heed to reason, are they completely ill-conceived? The non-interpretive model permits the Court to decipher past the specific wording of the Constitution to characterize and ensure the estimations of a general public. The subject of how the non-interpretative model can be advocated must be replied. Regardless of much outstanding disarray between the two models, unmistakably history has picked the non-interpretative model without which a significant number of the characterizing focuses in our countries history would be unjustified. The overpowering quality of the non-interpretive model is that it has took into account numerous central choices that have served to ensure the normal privileges of the individuals from this general public. On the off chance that then again the interpretive model is to be acknowledged, a critical number of choices must be renounced. Quickly, most of the fair treatment provision is not, at this point defended. Reasonable crook and common techniques must be disassembled since they have no particular printed reference in the Constitution. The right to speak freely of discourse, religion, and property rights are all brought being referred to. Additionally influenced is the authenticity of establishment and administrative allotment groups of regulation. The equivalent assurance statement of the Constitution when perused truly diagrams the guard of a few types of racial separation. Be that as it may, it doesn't right away ensure the option to cast a ballot, qualification for office, or the option to serve on a jury. Moreover, the provision doesn't propose that equivalent office isolation isn't to be permitted. At last, the opportunity from coldblooded and uncommon disciplines as delineated in the eighth amendment loses its adaptability. Thusly, a by all appearances contention against the interpretive model is clear. Without the capacity to move past the explicit wording, the Court loses its position to secure what society values as fundamental human rights. A crucial inquiry applicable to this banter is whether esteems inside our general public are time-persevering or on the other hand evolving. At the point when the Supreme Court makes a disputable choice, does it utilize the content of the Constitution to legitimize standards of regular law, normal practices and plans? Or then again, is it going about as an mediator of gradually changing qualities and forcing its perspectives on society through its choices? The Constitution is anything but a stale report; it is a lot of alive and changing with the occasions. Pundits contend that the correction process was made to permit change and that the job of the Judiciary does exclude the ability to change expressed orders notwithstanding that of upholding them. In any case, much of the time, the correction process is lacking for explanation of issues of human rights. An extraordinary ideals of the non-interpretive model is that the Court has the ability to strike down illegal enactment that permits for the Court to save the privileges of the individuals. Non-understanding at that point requires the utilization of got codes, yet the dynamic procedure is a long way from mechanical. Pundits challenge that the Court ought not be able to decipher cultural qualities in a given timeframe. Be that as it may, as has been appeared, history has maintained this custom. Various inquiries currently emerge. Is it for all intents and purposes shrewd to place the obligation to characterize and secure human rights in the hands of Supreme Court Justices? The appropriate response lies in ones translation of history. While the facts confirm that the Court has made choices that mirror its own predispositions and interests, it tends to be appeared that the Court has additionally reliably acted to make sure about the privileges of residents and to restrict government and state powers. Following, is the definition and requirement of human rights a legal assignment? The mediation of the Supreme Court over issues of human rights as contradicted to this force dwelling in different parts of government must be replied. While there is no immediate proclamation with respect to legal survey in the Constitution, Marbury v. Madison is referenced here as the best of all cases supporting this legal force. In this manner emerges the penultimate inquiry of the authority of the Supreme Court. Sacred settling was considered certainly by the Founding Fathers. Just a portion of the standards of higher law were recorded in the first report; be that as it may, the qualification between those

Strategic Analysis of Apple Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Vital Analysis of Apple - Essay Example The organization is likewise the second biggest traded on an open market organization regarding market capitalization. Starting at 2012, the organization had 394 retail locations spread all through the world (Apple Store, 2012). The all out income of the organization for the money related year 2011-12 is $156.508 billion and the overall gain was $ 41.733 billion. The present worker quality of the organization is around 72,800 individuals and has nearness in numerous pieces of the world (Golson, 2012). A portion of the contenders of the organization are Samsung, Nokia, LG, and Motorola among the others (NASDAQ, 2012; Gallo, 2012). This report will break down the issues Apple is as of now confronting and furthermore how the organization is managing it. It will be isolated into 5 areas; the first and second segment will cover the outer and inward examination of the organization. The third and fourth segment will reveal insight into the difficulties looked by the organization and how they are managing it. At long last, the last segment will close the undertaking. Part I †External investigation The outer investigation of an organization is tied in with breaking down the outside business condition of an organization (Monczka, 2000). All together break down the equivalent, the report will utilize PEST investigation and Porter’s five powers examination. Bug Analysis Political elements: - The innovation organizations remain exceptionally subordinate upon the political situation of a nation. Additionally, it likewise needs to rely upon the standards and guidelines of the working nation. Be that as it may, the legislature of USA has consistently energized items which are creative and stylish. Also, the political situation of the nation is exceptionally steady which gives a chance to the organization to additionally build up its R&D foundation and think of inventive items. Conservative elements: - USA is considered as perhaps the most extravagant country of the world. The all out GDP of the nation is 15.09 trillion and the per capita salary is $ 49,800 (CIA, 2013). The figures obviously mirror that the nation is monetarily steady. In addition, the discretionary cashflow of the US populace is likewise high. Consequently, it gives an extraordinary chance to Apple to get accomplishment with its high range items. Henceforth the monetary state of USA is incredibly great for Apple. Social variables: - The all out populace of USA is 316,668,567 and the all out urban populace is 82%. Another positive viewpoint is that the pace of urbanization is 1.2 % (CIA, 2013). Henceforth, Apple with its top of the line items holds extraordinary odds of accomplishment in the US advertise. Furthermore, US populace is additionally considered as educated which again goes about as a positive factor for the organization. Mechanical variables: - The market for cell phones, PC and tablets are developing at a fast pace in USA which acts a great factor for Apple. Furthermore, data and correspondence foundation of USA is extremely solid which encourages innovative work capacity of Apple. Industry Analysis (Porter’s Five Forces) Force Intensity Description Buyer’s Power High Due to the nearness of an enormous number of built up players in the market, clients have the most stretched out scope of choices. This expands the dealing intensity of purchasers. Supplier’s Power Moderate The providers of Apple incorporate Intel, IBM, Motorola, Sony and Disney among others (Satariano, Burrows and

Why I Love Taylor Swift

Why I Love Taylor Swift Right before an exam at MIT, I usually spend ten minutes walking down Mass Ave, from Random Hall to wherever the exam will be held. A lot of times, it’s an exam I’m nervous about. In past years, the class average was probably something like a 50% (I’m looking at you 6.046). There’ll be a great time constraint on difficult problems, and an attendant pressure building in my head that goes something like this: You’ll have to be real creative real fast, or else you can watch your grade plummet. It’s mostly nerves. Just the brain talking too much, overthinking things, playing out worst-case scenarios. At some point, I learned to just not pay it any attention. In those ten minutes before I’m scribbling away, I put my headphones on and I play some Taylor Swift. My go-to stress-relief jam is usually Shake It Off, and after several hums of “I shake it off, shake it off, I, I, I…”, I’m bobbing my head and feeling better already. It’s largely the lyrics, but it’s also the vehicle of the lyricsTaylor Swift’s voice. For at the least the past eight years, Taylor Swift has been my favorite artist (a fact I impress on everybody, family, friends, random stranger standing next to me on the bus). I’m the biggest Swiftie in existence (around the world, pitchforks rise from indignant fans, but I maintain my assertion). I have every song she’s ever released, and dozens she never officially did. I’ve spent an insane number of hours on YouTube watching her music videos, interviews, song mashups. I’ve rocked out to her everywhere, on Rock Band at Alpha Delta Phi, in the shower, while grocery shopping, probably even in my sleep. For the longest time, she’s been one of my role models. The why is a bit tricky to explain. A lot of it is tangled in details too personal for the blogs, but some of it isn’t, and so I’ll give it a shot. ** I heard my first Taylor Swift song in high school (which in Nigeria runs from grades seven to twelve). It was a boarding high school a few hundred miles away from home, and was quite strict. In particular, most electronic devices were bannedcellphones, laptops, iPods. Which just meant those devices found their way into school anyway. You just had to be really sneaky. One of my friends snuck in his MP3 player. It had a soundtrack from a Miley Cyrus Disney movie which included the bonus song “Crazier” by Taylor Swift. I was drawn in by the the first line: I’ve never gone with the wind, just let it flow. It was a beautiful, laidback song and I was interested in listening to more. But it would be a few more months before my friend had more songs of hers, and in that interval, several things were happening to me. High school gets rough sometimes, especially when bounded by fences and a punishingly familiar routine. Add a sense of awkward self-consciousness and encroaching puberty, and I wasn’t always in the greatest mood. I was at a point of particular loneliness. The kind that learns to hide its face. I could wear a smile as heavy as dumbbells and carry on with the rest of my day with that poker face, but somewhere inside, I felt isolated from most of my classmates. I spent a lot of time indoors, often perched on the floor writing what would become Sagittarius, an 1800-page all-over-the-place sci-fi series, but when I was out of that world, I didn’t care much for the one my body inhabited. I had a small group of pretty close friends, and perhaps that should have been enough. For whatever reason, it wasn’t. Part of me was disconnected. On some days, it felt like the world around me was a mirage, illusory somehow. I was a participant, nothing more. These feelings were strange, angsty and pervasive, and in the months between Crazier and the rest of Swift’s material, they persisted. And when I finally heard more songs from her, they were justthe right songs. My friend got her first two albums, the eponymous Taylor Swift, released when she was 16, and Fearless, released when she was 18. From that first album, I heard The Outside and for a moment, I was certain that she had dug inside my head, explored my weird mushy state of being, and penned those words for me. Then I heard A Place In This World and Tied Together With a Smile. These albums also contained a lot of love songs on the spectrum of heartbroken to fulfilled, and I heard those songs at the particular point in time that my wistful yearning for some amorphously defined connection intersected with notions of romance for the first time. I was at a point where I could “get” the appeal of relationships, not just as an abstract thing I recognized when I looked at my parents or any set of couples, but as something I could want and be fulfilled by. I was at the point where, even in my state of mild disconnection, seeing certain people was enough to let my mind wander, run amok, paint rosy images of our shared fairytale, Nameless Soulmate and I. I think the simpler way to say it is this: at a critical time in my life, growing up, separated from my family and in a high school that could often be alienating, something about her songs provided companionship. I could relate to the descriptions of isolation in songs like The Outside and I could bury myself in an alternate reality, in which a cord bound my heart to someone else’s, in songs like Love Story and Fearless. There’s something about the way the street looks when it’s just rained; there’s a glow on the pavement, you walk me to the car; and you know I wanna ask you to dance right there, in the middle of the parking lot… Taylor Swift’s songs came to me for the first time at exactly the right time. A sort of alchemic fusion between her words, her voice, my own ill-defined needs occurred, turning admiration into something quite like idolization, and the more I got to know her (as well as one can hope to know a megastar celebrity anyway), the stronger the fusion grew. As a kid, she handed out copies of her demos to record labels in Nashville, only to get rejections. She learned how to play the guitar and kept trying. She has a hand in writing every single song she’s ever released. Speak Now, one of my favorite albums ever, possibly my favorite album of anyone ever, had every single song in it single handedly written by Taylor Swift. Swift who would be at a scheduled meet-and-greet with fans and stay for hours beyond the allotted time, just signing autographs and talking to them. Swift who would devote so much time, affection and care to her craft, to her fans, to herself. She became my role model, and still is to this day. Now, a common rhetoric that arises whenever Taylor Swift comes up is that she’s part of a money-making industry, and ruthlessly cultivates a potentially disingenuous image. That may very well be the biggest flaming pile of nonsense I’ve ever heard. When that much time, effort and affection has been exuded on her part, consistently, day after day, year after year, the image and the person behind the image are virtually indistinguishable. Who people are is often a consequence of what they do, and what she does is write great music, and put real smiles on the faces of millions of people worldwide. She isn’t perfect, but she shouldn’t be expected to be. What she is, is real. Real to me. Her lyrics have been a formative part of my life since I was 12 and blasting her songs. Often, I’d lock myself in a bathroom in high school, and just play her on repeat. Her voice became familiar and comforting, and so even in songs I couldn’t relate to as much, the vehicle for those songs that was her voice gave them all the power. And years later when I found myself in the United States, at MIT, she would accompany me. On Uber rides. At the T. Before difficult exams. Before sleep. Sometimes, something would happen. I’d make an awful, stupid mistake and be ridiculously hard on myself. And after a while, I’d come to Innocent, from the Speak Now album, and she would let me know, again and again, that: I guess you really did it this time Left yourself in your warpath Lost your balance on a tightrope Lost your mind trying to get it back Wasn’t it easier in your lunchbox days Always a bigger bed to crawl into Wasn’t it beautiful when you believed in everything. And shortly afterward: Time turns flames to embers You’ll have new Septembers. When my family was too far away, and sweet memories of them turned into sad reminiscing, I would listen to The Best Day or Never Grow Up. I can’t listen to Never Grow Up for long without tearing up: Take pictures in your mind of your childhood room, Memorize what it sounded like when your dad gets home, Remember the footsteps, remember the words said, And all your little brother’s favorite songs, I just realized everything I have is someday gonna be gone. Whether it’s lines like “Time is taking its sweet time erasing you” or “You call me up just to break me like a promise, so casually cruel in the name of being honest” from the Red Album or “Shake it off, Shake it OFF” from 1989, Swifts lyrics find their way into my head all the time. ** I’ve only seen Taylor Swift in person exactly once, and it was as part of the crowd at her 2015 concert in Santa Clara, which played the day after my Los Angeles Internship ended. I took a bus from L.A. to San Francisco, arriving there sometime in the morning. I checked into a cheap hotel room, got some quick breakfast, and made my way to Levi’s Stadium, a good several hours before she was slated to appear. There were so many Swifties around me, many of them with incredibly sophisticated concert signs. We would talk about everything Taylor Swift, scream alongside the speakers blasting her songs while we waited. After a bit of waiting, we were let into the sitting area, which I got to see slowly fill up. Vance Joy and Shawn Mendes were the opening acts that night, and as they sang, sunlight bled out of the sky. Night arrived. And with it, extreme excitement from knowing that she was about to spring up on us. When she did, popping onto that stage, screams filled the stadium, mine joining a thousand others. It must have been enough to rattle the clouds. And right there, in front of us, she sang and danced. I sang and danced along, waving my arms, screaming the words, recording. I was ecstatic. Im caught off guard when she sings Never Grow Up After the concert ended, the Swifties left the stadium. Finding an Uber took forever, but I eventually made it back to the hotel room, utterly worn out, my voice mostly gone. I passed out instantly, woke up the next day to a screaming alarm clock (I’d been so tired I slept through it and missed my flight to Boston; I was able to catch another one a few hours later though). It didn’t matter though. I’d  seen  Taylor Swift! It’s a night I’ll never forget. ** Theres a certain shamelessness, a certain intensity of affection, that I think we should never constrain for the things and the people we love, things and people, whether its Taylor Swift or Superman, that reach into the deepest parts of us and leave their marks there. We love them because they bring that love out of us, somehow, magically, effortlessly. And there you have it. Thats why I love Taylor Swift.

An Introduction to the French Language and Linguistics

A good place to begin if youre considering learning any language is to learn about where the language came from and how it functions within linguistics. If youre thinking about learning French before your next visit to Paris, this quick guide will get you started on discovering where French came from. The Language of Love French belongs to a group of languages identified as a Romance language, although thats not why its called the language of love. In linguistic terms, Romance and Romanic have nothing to do with love; they come from the word Roman and simply mean from Latin. Other terms sometimes used for these languages are Romanic, Latin, or Neo-Latin languages. These languages evolved from Vulgar Latin between the sixth and ninth centuries. Some other very common Romance languages include Spanish, Italian, Portuguese and Romanian. Other Romance languages include Catalan, Moldavian, Rhaeto-Romanic, Sardinian and Provenà §al. Because of their shared roots in Latin, these languages can have many words that are similar to each other.   Places French Is Spoken Romance languages originally evolved in Western Europe, but colonialism spread some of them all over the world. As a result,  French is spoken  in many regions other than just France. For example, French is spoken in the Maghreb, through Central and West Africa, and in Madagascar and Mauritius. Its the official language in 29 countries, but the majority of the francophone population is in Europe, followed by sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa, the Middle East and the Americas, with about 1% being spoken in Asia and Oceania.   Even though French is a Romance language, which you now know means that it is based on Latin, French has a number of characteristics that set it apart from the other members of its linguistic family. The development of French  and basic  French linguistics  go back to Frenchs evolution from Gallo-Romance which was the spoken Latin in Gaul and even more specifically, in Northern Gaul.   Reasons to Learn to Speak French Aside from becoming fluent in the worlds recognized language of love, French has long been an international language for diplomacy, literature and commerce, and has played a significant role in the arts and sciences as well. French is a recommended language to know for business as well. Learning French can allow communication  for various business and leisure travel opportunities across the world.

The Need For Greater Understanding Of Theology - 855 Words

Grenz and Olson, passionate about the need for greater understanding of theology, have taken on a difficult task in attempting to address the concerns of those who might question the need for theology and lead them into conscientious practice of theology themselves. Who Needs Theology?, however brief and rudimentary the method, does make an effective argument for the need for everyone to engage in the study of theology and provides a basic framework from which to begin such study. It is clear from the opening pages of this book that it was written with the lay theologian in mind and therefore the book is written in a simple, clear and understandable manner. Grenz and Olson are careful to always define terms and never assume, beyond their presupposition that their audience are Christian followers, a minimum knowledge or experience prior to engaging their text. Consequently, Who Needs Theology? is very understandable and easily applicable to the average reader. However, what being is u nderstood and applied must be considered carefully in determining the usefulness of this text. The first half of Who Needs Theology? establishes the argument of the substance, importance and study of theology by all people, not just clergy and professional academics. Returning to Grenz and Olson s definition, â€Å"Christian theology is reflecting on and articulating the God-centered life and beliefs that Christians share as followers of Jesus Christ, and it is done in order that God may beShow MoreRelatedThe Lifelong Goal Of Saint Thomas Aquinas1692 Words   |  7 Pagesindependence of philosophy and theology, but at the same time show their symbiotic relationship with each other. Throughout his life Aquinas was known as a theologian but many of his works carry strong philosophical undertones as well. The beauty of theology is it can enlighten us through its leap of faith. Philosophy was required to precede theology. The truths laid down from philosophy are concrete and cohere nt. These philosophical truths are the shoes in which theology can walk. Without philosophyRead MoreThe Lecture Of Mission And Culture1035 Words   |  5 PagesA REFLECTION PAPER ON THE LECTURE OF MISSION AND CULTURE NOTES ON THE ROAD MORE TRAVELLED: DOING THEOLOGY IN A US CULTURAL CONTEXT Mission and culture have always been inseparable in doing theology in any cultural context. They have always been considered imperatives in the ministry of touching lives. The talk of Fr. John J. Markey, OP on October 12, 2015, at the Catholic Theological Union auditorium had highlighted essential insights and realizations regarding mission and culture in the culturalRead MorePsychology And Christianity Second Edition By David Entwistle1248 Words   |  5 Pagesedition by David Entwistle introduces the text by explaining how psychology can go in a direction, and Christian theology approach can lead in a different direction. 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However, the three most pressing issues for the Evangelical Christians and academia are a doctrine-less era, the prevalence of entrepreneurism, and open theology. Doctrine-less Era A saddening shift in evangelical Christians and students interests is putting less and less emphasis on traditional doctrinal commitmentsRead MoreRelationship between Theology and Spirituality1191 Words   |  5 Pagessure that he or she studies the subject of theology which is said to deal with the presence of God. In this life essay I will be trying to discuss the relationship of theology and spirituality and go a step ahead to talk about the significance of this relationship has to my own personal life and the ministry. I will be focusing on the meaning of the both terms that is theology and spirituality, their nature and how they relate to one another. HOW THEOLOGY AND SPIRITUALITY RELATE TO EACH OTHER Read MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity And Missions1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe doctrine of the Trinity and missions is articulated in Scripture. This section will demonstrate from Scripture that the Trinity and missions is essential to understanding God’s plan and purpose for global missions. The trinity is seen in the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit all involved in some aspect of sending. As stated above, God is a God of love and compassion and who is concerned to provide a way to reconcile sinners to Himself in order that He may be glorified by people from every tribe,Read MoreThe Theory Of Theology And Psychology1280 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity and psychology odds with each other. The idea is actually presented in a manner that makes it impossible for theology and psychology to exist with one another due to their general nature. According to this book, theology is basically based on faith while psychology is based on absolute truth. Entwistle (2010) poses a brilliant idea by suggesting that the interaction of theology and psychology is inevitable. These interactions are brought about by the common interest of the two in comprehendingRead MoreTheology of Christian Leadership Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesLIBERTY THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Theology of Christian Leadership LEAD 520 – D01 LUO The Life of Leaders December 11, 2013 Table of Contents I. Introduction 3 II. What is Leadership 3 III. Christian Leadership 3 IV. Biblical Perspective 4 V. Servant Leadership 5 VI. Leadership Disciplines 6 VII. Conclusion 7 VIII. Bibliography 8 â€Æ' Introduction According to Bill Hull, â€Å"While certain pockets

Adventures in a Lifetime Free Essays

Definition Essay Adventures in a Lifetime â€Å"An exciting or very unusual experience. † This is how the English Dictionary defines the word adventure. Many people may define it in a different way, but not a single person is wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Adventures in a Lifetime or any similar topic only for you Order Now Adventure isn’t boring, nor is it exciting. It is but both at the same time, intertwining between the two. Adventure is exploring the unknown, and doing things a person isn’t normally comfortable with. But, it also doesn’t have to be hanging on a rope off the side of a mountain. It can be anything from facing new challenges in school, to living off the land for 3 months in the woods. It’s seizing new opportunities, testing our resources against the unknown, and in the process, discovering our own sole potential. It can be falling in love, getting your heart broken, and surviving the whole experience, even though it was so grim at the time. Living through an experience that makes a difference in your life, no matter how small, can be the biggest adventure of them all. One of the biggest adventures we all know about is Christopher Columbus who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492. He hoped to find a route to India in order to trade with others but ended up on this foreign land, America. His adventure was sailing to a new land, but making it a larger adventure without meaning to. Why do we say he went on an adventure? Not because he went out of his comfort zone, but because he went someplace he has never been before and had an experience where he learned many new things. It may not be as immense as Columbus did, but we have all adventured hundreds of times in our life, whether we know it or not. Even if it’s just something fresh to learn, or going someplace never explored, everybody has completed it. Going on an adventure means being bold, venturesome, brave, and daring. Does that mean someone has to go skydiving or scuba diving hundreds of feet into the ocean? Absolutely not. Adventure doesn’t even have to be a physical act; it can be a light inside the body that comes out a little more each day. Adventure is not having a routine every single day nor is it thinking about what you will do next. It’s living through every day and experiencing something new in the hours we are given. It can be from walking into the darkest cave known to man, to frolicking through the most colorful valley of flowers in the world. Every step in a person’s life is a new adventure he or she has conquered, and every new adventure is a new stepping stone ultimately reaching your final and optimal destination. Adventure is living life and experiencing it to its upmost capacity. It can be exploring oneself in ways nobody else can. Gandhi is a perfect example of looking inside oneself and making it into an adventure. He explored inside his soul to know what he thought was right and to find what he really wanted to do to make a difference in other’s lives. He took those feelings and made it into a lifelong adventure of freeing others from the British rule as well as to better the lives of India’s poorest classes. He went through countless adventures, ranging from great to minor. How to cite Adventures in a Lifetime, Papers

International Law Management

Question: Write an essay on Political Science? Answer: A treaty is a type of agreement under international law. Such an agreement is entered into by the actors in international law. The parties of an international agreement are either the sovereign states or the international organizations. It is a form of the agreement entered into by states that are legally binding on such states. A treaty may be bilateral when it is entered into between two parties and may also be between more than two parties and in such a case it is known as the multilateral treaty. In the United States, the treaty-making process may be put under the following heads; Negotiations are authorised by the Secretary of State Negotiations are undertaken by the United States representatives Signing of treaty is authorized by the Secretary of State Then the agreement comes into effect The agreement is transmitted to the Congress by the President The Secretary of State authorizes negotiations for the treaty, and the executive branch does negotiations. After the negotiations are concluded, the representatives of the parties concerned sign the agreement. After the parties have signed the agreement, the agreement is said to have been concluded. Once the agreement has been concluded, the President sends the same to the Senate accompanied by; Letter of transmittal Letter of Submittal issued by the Secretary of State Letter from Secretary of State outlining the background of the negotiations and a detailed explanation of the provisions of the agreement. In case it is approved, the same is sent to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for hearing and in case of approval Senate Executive Report is sent along with advisory recommendations and consent. This report includes the following; Explanatory material When the said report receives the approval of full Senate, i.e., two-third votes, the same is sent back to the President. When the report is sent back to the President, it is accompanied with the resolution of consent and advice. The same is then sent by the President to the Secretary of State. After receipt of the above the Secretary of State prepares the instrument of ratification. The instrument of ratification is then sent back to the President, who signs the same, and the treaty is proclaimed. After the proclamation, the treaty is deposited with the nominated depository. After the completion of the above steps, it may be said that a treaty has come into existence, and the United States is a party to the said treaty. The treaty may be said to have come into force. The United Nations primarily aims to prohibit the members from using force. The United Nations Charter under Article 2(4) has laid down that the member states must refrain from using force or threatening to use force against political sovereignty or territorial veracity of any state or owing to such purposes that are inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations. The said provision restricts the use of armed forces. The Charter does not lay down the level or the amount of force that is forbidden, thus even the trivial violation of limitations is forbidden. Article 51 only allows the usage of force for the purpose of self-defence, in cases of armed attacks unless appropriate measures have been taken by the Council. Certain requirements have been set out in the case of Caroline, which must be met as regards an attack. The foremost requirement is that the threat of attack must be imminent. Thus, as per this rule, usage of force in self-defence is permitted only when such usage is necessary, and also the extent of force to be used for self-defence ought to be proportionate. Use of force is permitted only in connection with an armed attack whether ongoing or imminent. The intrinsic right to self-defence as recognised under Article 51 of the Charter forms an exclusion to the general rule laid down under Article2(4). The armed attack requires that the attacker must intend to attack. The case of Oil Platform may be cited in this regard. The ICJ laid down the necessity of this requirement while determining whether the actions of Iran were particularly intended towards the United States or whether Iran specifically intended to harm the vessels of the United States. This view of the ICJ is criticized as being against the rules of international law. An armed attack s actually an attack aimed by one State directed towards another. While rendering advisory opinion regarding eth legal consequences of constructing a wall in the occupied territory of Palestine the ICJ made observations to the effect that the right to self-defence arises only in cases of attack from an outside territory towards the defending state under Article 51 of the Charter. Again as per the provisions of Article 51, force is permitted to be used for self defence only in case such force is necessary to end an attack. Thus, force may only be used when all available peaceful means of ending the attack have been exhausted, or none of such measures is available. The requirement of necessity is intrinsic to the law of self-defence. A state is permitted to employ force in respect of self-defence only when the attack is imminent. The term imminent means, there is no choice of means or overwhelming. There must be a situation of irretrievable emergency. The right to self-defence must be exercised to the extent it is proportional to the threat of imminent danger. Thus, only such amount of force must be used as is necessary to end the threat. The General Assembly has also adopted various resolutions so as to foster the prevention of the use of force. These resolutions include the following; The Manila Declaration on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes The Declaration on the Enhancement of the Effectiveness of the Principle of Refraining from Threat or Use of Force in International Relations The Declaration on the Prevention and Removal of Disputes and Situations which may Threaten International Peace and Security on the Role of the United Nations in this field The Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (also referred to as the TPP) is an intended regional free trade agreement amongst certain countries of the Pacific Rim regarding various matters concerning economic policy. The participating countries are; United States, Chile, New Zealand, Brunei, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Peru, Vietnam, Japan, Mexico and Canada. The TPP is an extension of the Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership Agreement (also referred to as the TPSEP). Till date 19 rounds of negotiations regarding the TPP has been held. The provisions of the agreement have been kept secret; however, few provisions have been leaked. The TPP negotiations were initiated by the United States. The TPP aims the following; Removal of tariffs on services and goods It covers a wide range of services and goods, like telecommunication services, financial services and also food safety services. Pros of the Trans-Pacific Agreement The TPP intends to boost economic growth as well as well as exports. This aspect would be beneficial for the participating countries as it would give rise to new jobs and prosperity. It is estimated that the agreement has the potential to add up to $223 billion per year to the income of the workers in the participating countries. The TPP provisions also intend to address the non-tariff barriers to international trade, like requirements for import licensing, etc. The TPP country would enable the service providers and suppliers of goods to supply services and products without establishing offices in all the participating countries. The TPP would ensure that the participating countries strictly follow labour laws and also discouragement of such products and services that are produced by forced labour. The TPP provisions intend to tackle the issues concerning illegal logging, illegal practices adopted regarding fishing, illegal logging, etc. The TPP seeks to implement rules that ensure fairness of procedure as regards enforcement of completion law. Cons of the Trans-Pacific Agreement As far as the pharmaceutical industry is concerned, the TPP would cause great harm. It is expected that the agreement would reduce the accessibility of the member countries to generic medicines. It would provide an advantage to the large pharmaceutical companies. The costs of life-saving drugs would increase manifold as a consequence of the said trade agreement. It is expected that the TPP might succeed financial regulations. The TPP rules provide that all issues arising between the participating countries would be dealt with by an international authority known as investor-state dispute settlement process. No higher court would have any jurisdiction to such issues. The TPP would make it impossible to enforce local and national regulations. It is also feared that the TPP would lead to income inequality. It is aimed to only serve the interests of the wealthy. 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